Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nezimvubu

Izimvubu zibonakala ngesakhiwo somzimba esikhulu, isikhumba esigoqene esiwugqinsi, esicishe singabi nazinwele, kanye nongqimba oluwugqinsi lwezicubu ezinamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. Baphila impilo ephila emanzini futhi bangahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Izimvubu, kanye neminye imindeni, zihlukaniswa ngokulandelana kwe-Artiodactyla, okuhlanganisa, phakathi kokunye: amakamela, izinkomo, izinyamazane nezingulube. Naphezu kwalokhu, izimvubu azihlobene eduze nalezi zilwane.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo zemvubu namuhla: imvubu yaseNayile kanye nemvubu yepygmy (uhlobo oluncane kakhulu olutholakala emahlathini emvula nasemaxhaphozini aseNtshonalanga Afrika).

Kuze kube ngu-1985, izazi zemvelo zazihlanganisa izimvubu nezingulube ezifuywayo ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamazinyo azo. Idatha etholwe ocwaningweni lwamaprotheni egazi, i-phylogeny yamangqamuzana (izindlela zokukhula kokhokho, imvelaphi kanye nezinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo), i-DNA nezinsalela zibonisa ukuthi izihlobo zabo eziseduze kakhulu ama-cetaceans - imikhomo, ama-porpoise, amahlengethwa, njll. Okujwayelekile Ukhokho wemikhomo nezimvubu. yahluka kwamanye ama-artiodactyls eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60 edlule.

Lena imvubu yaseNayile (Hippopotamus amphibius), igama layo livela esiGrekini sasendulo futhi lisho “ihhashi lomfula” (ἱπποπόταμος).

Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, umuntu onjalo kunzima ukukala isisindo endle. Izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi isisindo esijwayelekile sabesilisa abadala singama-1500-1800 kg. Abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa, isisindo sabo esijwayelekile singama-1300-1500 kg. Amaduna amadala angakwazi ngisho nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-3000 kg. Izimvubu zifinyelela isisindo somzimba esiphezulu sekwephuzile ezimpilweni zazo. Abesifazane bafinyelela isisindo sabo esiphezulu somzimba lapho beneminyaka engaba ngu-25 ubudala.

Ikhanda lingaba nesisindo esingama-225 kg. Lezi zilwane zingavula imilomo yazo ibe ububanzi obuyimitha eli-1, kanti ubude bamazinyo bazo bufinyelela ku-30 ​​cm.

Ngokuvamile zihlala emanzini emini futhi zisebenza kuphela kuhwalala nasebusuku. Bese beya ogwini bese behlafuna utshani ezimfundeni eduze namanzi (zidla nezitshalo zasemanzini). Lapho zifuna ukudla, zingahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-8 phakathi nezwe.

Ezweni, naphezu kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, bangagijima ngokushesha kunabantu. Isivinini sabo singaba sisuka ku-30 ​​siye ku-40, futhi ngezinye izikhathi sibe ngu-50 km/h, kodwa sibe ngamabanga amafushane kuphela, sifinyelela emamitha angamakhulu amaningana.

Umzimba wabo umise okomphongolo futhi awunaboya. Ama-bristles akhona kuphela emlonyeni nasemsileni. Imilenze mifishane, ikhanda likhulu. Uhlaka lwamathambo lwazo lujwayele ukumelana nesisindo esikhulu sesilwane, amanzi ezihlala kuwo ehlisa isisindo sazo ngenxa yokunyakaza komzimba. Amehlo, izindlebe kanye nekhala kutholakala phezulu ophahleni logebhezi, ngenxa yalokho lezi zilwane zingase zicwiliswe ngokuphelele emanzini kanye nodaka lwemifula yasezindaweni ezishisayo. Izilwane ziyaphola ngaphansi kwamanzi, okuzivikela ekushisweni yilanga.

Izimvubu nazo zibonakala ngamazinyo amade (cishe amasentimitha angu-30) nezinzwane ezine ezixhunywe ulwelwesi lwewebhu.

Ivikelwe elangeni ngento eyikhiphayo, okuyisisefo semvelo selanga. Lokhu kuphuma, okungelona igazi noma umjuluko, ekuqaleni awanambala, ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa kubabomvu-wolintshi futhi ekugcineni kube nsundu. Yakhiwe ngemibala emibili (obomvu newolintshi) okuyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ane-asidi eqinile, futhi umbala obomvu unezici ze-bacteriostatic futhi okungenzeka ukuthi iyisibulala-magciwane. Ukumuncwa ukukhanya kwazo zombili izibala zombala kunomkhawulo omkhulu emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, evikela izimvubu ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ngenxa yombala wokuphuma kwazo, izimvubu kuthiwa “zijuluka igazi.”

imvubu endala eyaziwayo ehlala ekuthunjweni e-Evansville Zoo e-Indiana kwakuyimvubu "Donna", ehlala lapho iminyaka engu-56. Enye yezimvubu ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, i-Hipolis eneminyaka engu-55 ubudala, yashona ngo-2016 e-Chorzow Zoo. Wahlala nomlingani oyedwa, uKhamba, iminyaka engu-45. Bebonke baba nenzalo eyi-14. UKhamba ushone ngo-2011.

Bachitha amahora angaba ngu-16 ngosuku njengendlela yokuphola. Bahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile, kodwa abantu baseNtshonalanga Afrika bahlala ezindaweni zamachweba futhi bangatholakala olwandle. Akubona ababhukudi asebemnkantshubomvu – babhukuda ngesivinini esingu-8 km/h. Abantu abadala abakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini, kodwa bame kuphela emanzini angashoni. Izingane zingantanta phezu kwamanzi futhi zivame ukubhukuda, zinyakazisa izitho zangemuva. Beza phezulu ukuze baphefumule njalo ngemizuzu emi-4-6. Izingane ziyakwazi ukuvala amakhala uma zicwiliswa emanzini. Inqubo yokukhuphuka nokuphefumula izenzekela, ngisho nemvubu elele ngaphansi kwamanzi iphuma ngaphandle kokuvuka.

Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili eminyakeni engu-5-6, futhi abesilisa eminyakeni engu-7,5. Umbhangqwana uyagaxana emanzini. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyisi-8. Izimvubu zingezinye zezilwane ezincelisayo ezimbalwa ezizalwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amawundlu azalwa enesisindo esingama-25 kuya ku-45 kg kanye nobude obuyisilinganiso esingaba ngu-127 cm. Ngokuvamile kuzalwa inkonyane elilodwa, nakuba ukukhulelwa kwamawele kwenzeka. Ukondla izilwane ezincane ngobisi lukamama nakho kwenzeka emanzini, futhi ukulunyulwa kwenzeka ngemva konyaka.

Zichitha amahora amane kuya kwamahlanu ngosuku zidla futhi zingadla ukudla okungafika ku-68 kg ngesikhathi. Zidla ikakhulukazi utshani, kancane kancane ezitshalweni zasemanzini, futhi lapho kungekho ukudla okuthandwayo, kwezinye izitshalo. Kukhona futhi namacala aziwayo okuziphatha kukadoti, i-carnivorous, predism kanye ne-cannibalism, nakuba izisu zezimvubu zingajwayelwanga ukugaya ukudla kwenyama. Lokhu ukuziphatha okuphambene nemvelo, okungenzeka kubangelwa ukuntula ukudla okufanele. 

Ababhali bephephabhuku i-Mammal Review baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzingela kungokwemvelo emvubu. Ngokombono wabo, leli qembu lezilwane libonakala ngokudla kwenyama, njengoba izihlobo zabo eziseduze, imikhomo, i-carnivores.

Ukufunda ngobudlelwano bezimvubu kunzima ngoba azikho i-dimorphism yocansi - abesilisa nabesifazane abahlukaniseki. Nakuba behlala besondelene, abazenzi izibopho zomphakathi. Emanzini, abesilisa abavelele bavikela ingxenye ethile yomfula, cishe amamitha angu-250 ubude, kanye nezinsikazi ezingaba yi-10. Umphakathi omkhulu onjalo ubalelwa ku-100 abantu. Lezi zindawo zinqunywa imithetho yokukopisha. Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili emhlambini - zihlanganiswa ngokobulili. Lapho zondla, azibonisi umuzwa wemvelo wendawo.

Imisindo abayenzayo ikhumbuza ukukhala kwengulube, nakuba ingaphinda ibhonge kakhulu. Izwi labo lizwakala emini, ngoba ebusuku empeleni abakhulumi.

Zivumela izindwandwe ezisagolide ukuba zihlale emihlane yazo futhi zidle izilokazane nezinambuzane ezizihlupha esikhumbeni sazo.

Zikhombisa ulaka ezingwenya ezihlala emanzini afanayo, ikakhulukazi uma izimvubu ezincane ziseduze.

Kukhona nokuhlaselwa kwabantu, nakuba zingekho izibalo ezithembekile ngalolu daba. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi balinganiselwa ku-500 abantu ababulawa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezimvubu unyaka nonyaka, kodwa lolu lwazi ludluliswa ikakhulukazi ngomlomo usuka komunye umuzi nomuzi, ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi lowo muntu ushone kanjani.

Izimvubu azivamile ukubulalana zodwa. Uma kuliwa phakathi kwabesilisa, impi iqedwa yilowo ovumayo ukuthi isitha sinamandla.

Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi abesilisa bazame ukubulala inzalo, noma insikazi izame ukubulala eyeduna, ivikele abasha - lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ezimeni eziphuthumayo, lapho ukudla kuncane kakhulu futhi indawo ehlala umhlambi iyancipha.

Ngesikhathi sokuzikhulula, zinyakazisa umsila wazo ngamandla ukuze zisakaze indle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi zichamele emuva.

Izithombe zokuqala zalezi zilwane kwakuyimidwebo yamadwala (imidwebo) ezintabeni ezisenkabeni yeSahara. Enye yazo ikhombisa isikhathi lapho abantu bezingela imvubu.

EGibhithe, lezi zilwane zazibhekwa njengeziyingozi kubantu kwaze kwaba yilapho zibona ukuthi izimvubu ezinsikazi ziwaphatha ngokunakekela kanjani abantwana bazo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, unkulunkulukazi u-Toeris, umvikeli wokukhulelwa nesikhathi sangemva kokubeletha, uye wachazwa njengowesifazane onekhanda lemvubu.

Ngo-2006, izimvubu zahlukaniswa njengezisengozini yokushabalala ohlwini Olubomvu Lwezilwane Ezisengozini olwakhiwe yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), kanti inani labantu bazo lilinganiselwa kubantu abangaba ngu-125. ubuso.

Usongo olukhulu ezimvubu wukuzisusa emanzini angenasawoti.

Abantu baphinde babulale lezi zilwane ngenxa yenyama, amafutha, isikhumba namazinyo angenhla.

Ngokuvamile zingatholakala ezindaweni ezivundile, emachibini nasemifuleni yaseSudan, eSomalia, eKenya nase-Uganda, kanye naseGhana, eGambia, eBotswana, eNingizimu Afrika, eZambia naseZimbabwe.

Phakathi nenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa, izimvubu zazihlala eNyakatho Afrika ngisho naseYurophu, njengoba zijwayele ukuphila ezindaweni ezibandayo, inqobo nje uma zinamachibi angenaqhwa. Nokho, baqedwa ngumuntu.

Izilwane zalethwa ezu yangasese ka-Escobar epulazini lase-Hacienda Napoles ngeminyaka yama-80s. Umhlambi ekuqaleni wawunezinsikazi ezintathu neduna elilodwa. Ngemva kokufa kuka-Escobar ngo-1993, izilwane ezingavamile kule zoo yangasese zayiswa kwenye indawo, kodwa izimvubu zasala. Kwakunzima ukuthola izinto zokuhamba zalezi zilwane ezinkulu, futhi kusukela lapho zaziphila impilo yazo ngaphandle kokuhlupha muntu.

Kulezi zinsuku, bayanda kakhulu endaweni yomfula iMagdalena, futhi izakhamuzi zaseMedellin kanye nezindawo ezizungezile sezivele zijwayele ukusondelana kwazo - seziphenduke izivakashi zendawo.

Iziphathimandla azikubheki njengenkinga ukuba khona kwezimvubu okwamanje, kodwa esikhathini esizayo, lapho inani lazo lenyuka lifinyelela ezilwaneni ezingama-400-500, zingase zibe usongo ekusindeni kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezindaweni ezifanayo.

Kusukela ngo-2012, inani labantu bakhona seliphindeke kabili.

Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukungcola kwemvubu (ukungcola emanzini) kushintsha izinga le-oksijini emanzini, okungathinta kabi izinto eziphilayo ezihlala lapho kuphela, kodwa futhi nabantu.

Lezi zilwane ziphinde zicekele phansi izitshalo futhi zingaba nolaka - indoda eneminyaka engu-45 ubudala ilimale kanzima ngemuva kokuhlaselwa 'yimvubu ye-cocaine'.

U-Enrique Cerda Ordonez, isazi sezinto eziphilayo e-National University of Colombia, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuthena lezi zilwane kungaba ikhambi elifanele kule nkinga, nakuba ngenxa yobukhulu bazo kungaba nzima kakhulu.