Sithole 17 amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezinambuzane
Iqembu elikhulu lezilwane
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane zinkulu kakhulu. Kukhona labo osayizi babo abakhonjiswe ngama-micrometer, nalabo abanobude bomzimba bukhulu kunobezinja noma amakati. Ngenxa yokuthi zingezinye zezilwane zokuqala ukuba khona, ziye zajwayela ukuphila cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo. Izigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zabahlukanisa kakhulu kangangokuthi babelana ngezici ezimbalwa kuphela ze-anatomical.
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Izinambuzane ziyizilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihlukaniswa njengama-arthropods.
Ziyiqembu elikhulu lezilwane emhlabeni futhi zingakha kufikela ku-90% walo mbuso. Kuze kube manje sekutholakale izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kwesigidi, futhi kungase kube nezinhlobo ezingachazwanga ezisele eziyizigidi ezingu-5 kuya kwezingu-30.
2
Zinezici ezimbalwa ezivamile ze-anatomical ezenza kube lula ukuzibona.
Umzimba wesinambuzane ngasinye unezigaba ezintathu: ikhanda, ithorax nesisu. Umzimba wabo umbozwe izikhali zempi. Zihamba ngamapheya amathathu emilenze, zinamehlo ahlangene kanye nothi olulodwa.
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Izinsalela zezinambuzane ezindala kunazo zonke zineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-400 ubudala.
Ukuqhakaza okukhulu kokuhlukahluka kwezinambuzane kwenzeka ePermian (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-299-252 edlule). Ngeshwa, iningi lezinhlobo zezilwane zashabalala ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwePermian, ukuqothulwa okukhulu kakhulu okwake kwenzeka emhlabeni. Imbangela eqondile yokushabalala kwayo akwaziwa, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi kwathatha iminyaka ephakathi kuka-60 no-48. Kumelwe ukuba kwakuyinqubo enonya kakhulu.
4
Izinambuzane ezisinde kumcimbi wokuqothulwa kwePermian zavela ngesikhathi se-Triassic (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-252–201 edlule).
Kwakuse-Triassic lapho kwavela khona zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Imindeni yezinambuzane ezikhona namuhla ithuthukiswe ngokuyinhloko ngesikhathi seJurassic (iminyaka engu-201 - 145 million edlule). Ngokulandelayo, abameleli besizukulwane sezinambuzane zanamuhla baqala ukuvela ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule. Izinambuzane eziningi ezivela kule nkathi zigcinwe ngokuphelele ku-amber.
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Bahlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Izinambuzane zingatholakala emanzini, emhlabeni nasemoyeni. Abanye bahlala endle, enyameni noma ezingodweni.
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Ubukhulu bezinambuzane buhluka kakhulu: kusuka ngaphansi kuka-2 mm kuya ngaphezu kwesigamu semitha.
Umnikazi werekhodi onobukhulu obungama-62,4 cm ungummeleli we-phasmids. Lesi sifanekiso singanconywa e-Chinese Museum e-Chengdu. Ama-Phasmids aphakathi kwezinambuzane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngokuphambene, isinambuzane esincane kunazo zonke ujekamanzi oyisinambuzane. I-Dicopomorpha echmepterygians, ezinsikazi okuthi (futhi zingaphezu kwengxenye yobukhulu babesilisa) ezinobukhulu obungama-microns angu-550 (0,55 mm).
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Ubukhulu bezinambuzane eziphilayo bubonakala “bulungile” kithi. Uma singabuyela emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-285, singase simangale.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uMhlaba wawuhlalwa izinambuzane ezinkulu ezifana ne-dragonfly, enkulu kunazo zonke okwakuyiyo. I-Meganeuropsis permian. Lesi sinambuzane sasinamaphiko angama-71 cm ubude nobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angu-43. Isifanekiso sensalela singathakaselwa eMuseum of Comparative Zoology e-Harvard University.
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Izinambuzane ziphefumula zisebenzisa uqhoqhoqho, lapho umoya unikezwa khona ngama-spiracles.
Uqhoqhoqho ngamaqhuqhuva ezindongeni zomzimba walesi sinambuzane, abe esehlela ohlelweni lwamashubhu angaphakathi emzimbeni. Emaphethelweni ala mashubhu kukhona ama-tracheoles agcwele uketshezi okwenzeka ngawo ukushintshana kwegesi.
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Zonke izinambuzane zinamehlo ahlangene, kodwa ezinye zingase zibe namehlo alula engeziwe.
Kungaba nenani eliphelele labangu-3 kubo, futhi lawa amehlo, izitho ezikwazi ukubona ubukhulu bokukhanya, kodwa azikwazi ukuveza isithombe.
10
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lwezinambuzane luvulekile.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi azinayo imithambo, kodwa i-hemolymph (esebenza njengegazi) iphonswa ngemithambo iye emigodini yomzimba (ama-hemoceles) azungeze izitho zangaphakathi. Lapho, igesi nezakhamzimba kushintshaniswa phakathi kwe-hemolymph nesitho.
11
Izinambuzane eziningi zizalana ngokocansi nangokuzalela amaqanda.
Zivundiswa ngaphakathi kusetshenziswa izitho zangasese zangaphandle. Isakhiwo sezitho zokuzala singahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo. Amaqanda avundisiwe abe esezalela owesifazane esebenzisa isitho esibizwa ngokuthi i-ovipositor.
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Kukhona futhi izinambuzane ze-ovoviviparous.
Izibonelo zalezo zinambuzane amabhungane i-Blaptica dubia kanye nezimpukane i-Glossina palpalis (tsetse).
13
Ezinye izinambuzane ziba ne-metamorphosis engaphelele kanti ezinye zithola ukuguqulwa okuphelele.
Uma kwenzeka ukuguquguquka okungaphelele, izigaba ezintathu zokuthuthuka zihlukaniswa: iqanda, isibungu kanye ne-imago (imago). I-metamorphosis ephelele ihamba ngezigaba ezine: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi kanye nesidala. I-metamorphosis ephelele ivela ku-hymenoptera, izimpukane ze-caddis, amabhungane, izimvemvane nezimpukane.
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Ezinye izinambuzane ziye zajwayela ukuphila zodwa, ezinye zakha imiphakathi emikhulu, ngokuvamile i-hierarchical.
Ojekamanzi bavame ukuhlala ngabodwa; amabhungane awavamile. Izinambuzane ezihlala ngamaqembu zihlanganisa izinyosi, iminyovu, umuhlwa nezintuthwane.
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Azikho izinambuzane ezingabulala umuntu ngokuluma kwazo, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuluma okunjalo ngeke kube buhlungu kakhulu.
Isinambuzane esinobuthi kakhulu intuthwane I-Pogonomyrmex maricopa abahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States naseMexico. Ukulunywa okuyishumi nambili kule ntuthwane kungabulala igundane elingamakhilogremu amabili. Azibulali kubantu, kodwa ukulunywa kwazo kubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu obuhlala amahora afinyelela kwamane.
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Izinambuzane eziningi kakhulu ngamabhungane.
Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 40 zalezi zinambuzane ezichazwe, ngakho zakha cishe u-25% wazo zonke izinambuzane kanye nama-318% azo zonke izilwane. Amabhungane okuqala avela eMhlabeni phakathi kweminyaka eyi-299 ne-350 million edlule.
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Ezikhathini zanamuhla (kusukela ngo-1500), okungenani izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingu-66 ziye zashabalala.
Iningi lalezi zilwane ezashabalala zazihlala eziqhingini ezisolwandle. Izici ezibeka usongo olukhulu ezinambuzaneni ukukhanya kokwenziwa, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukufudukela emadolobheni kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo.
Amaqiniso anentshisekeloAmaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nama-tyrannosaurs
OkulandelayoAmaqiniso anentshisekeloAmaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeminenke