Sithole 28 amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Ama-amniotes okuqala
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyiqembu elikhulu kakhulu lezilwane, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10.
Abantu abaphila eMhlabeni bangabameleli abaqine kakhulu nabaqine kakhulu bezilwane ezazibusa Umhlaba ngaphambi komthelela oyinhlekelele we-asteroid eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa izimfudu ezinamagobolondo, izingwenya ezinkulu ezidla inyama, izibankwa ezimibalabala nezinyoka. Zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, izimo ezenza ukuba khona kwalezi zilwane ezinegazi elibandayo kungenzeki.
1
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlanganisa amaqembu ayisithupha ezilwane (ama-oda kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi).
Lezi izimfudu, izingwenya, izinyoka, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni, izibankwa kanye nama-sphenodontids.
2
Okhokho bokuqala bezilwane ezihuquzelayo bavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-312 edlule.
Lesi kwakuyinkathi yokugcina yeCarboniferous. Kokubili inani le-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide emkhathini woMhlaba laliphindwe kabili. Ngokunokwenzeka, bavela ezilwaneni ezivela ku-Reptiliomorpha clade, eyayihlala emachibini ahamba kancane nasemaxhaphozini.
3
Abameleli abadala kakhulu bezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziphilayo ama-sphenodonts.
Izinsalela zama-sphenodonts okuqala asukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-250, ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo: izibankwa (izigidi ezingu-220), izingwenya (izigidi ezingu-201.3), izimfudu (izigidi ezingu-170) kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini (izigidi ezingu-80).
4
Abameleli abaphilayo kuphela be-sphenodonts yi-tuatara. Uhla lwazo luncane kakhulu, kuhlanganise neziqhingi ezincane ezimbalwa eNew Zealand.
Kodwa-ke, abameleli banamuhla be-sphenodonts bahluke kakhulu kokhokho babo ababephila izigidi zeminyaka edlule. Lezi izinto eziphila kudala kunezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo; ukwakheka kobuchopho bazo nendlela yokunyakaza kufana kakhulu nezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, futhi izinhliziyo zazo zisemandulo kunezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Abanayo i-bronchi, amaphaphu anegumbi elilodwa.
5
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, ngakho zidinga izici zangaphandle ukuze zilawule izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo.
Ngenxa yokuthi ikhono lokulondoloza izinga lokushisa liphansi kunelezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokuvamile zigcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi, okuthi, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, lisukela ku-24° kuya ku-35°C. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu (isibonelo, i-Pustyniogwan), lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba elilungile liphakeme kunezilwane ezincelisayo, kusukela ku-35 ° kuya ku-40 ° C.
6
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zibhekwa njengezihlakaniphe kakhulu kunezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinga le-encephalization (isilinganiso sosayizi wobuchopho kuwo wonke umzimba) yalezi zilwane yi-10% yezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ubukhulu bobuchopho babo uma buqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba buncane kakhulu kunezilwane ezincelisayo. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile kulo mthetho. Ubuchopho bezingwenya bukhulu uma buqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba wazo futhi buvumela ukuthi basebenzisane nezinye izinhlobo zazo lapho zizingela.
7
Isikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo somile futhi, ngokungafani nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, asikwazi ukushintshanisa igesi.
Idala umgoqo ovikelayo okhawulela ukuphuma kwamanzi emzimbeni. Isikhumba sesilwane esihuquzelayo singase simbozwe ama-scutes, ama-scutes, noma amazenga. Isikhumba sesilwane esihuquzelayo asiqinile njengesikhumba esincelisayo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-dermis ewugqinsi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, udrako we-Komodo naye uyakwazi ukulingisa. Ocwaningweni lwama-mazes wokuzulazula, kwatholakala ukuthi izimfudu zokhuni zibhekana nazo kangcono kunamagundane.
8
Njengoba izilwane ezihuquzelayo zikhula, kufanele i-molt yande ngosayizi.
Izinyoka zikhipha isikhumba sazo ngokuphelele, izibankwa zilahla isikhumba sazo ngamabala, futhi ezingwenya i-epidermis iyaxebuka ezindaweni futhi ikhule entsha kule ndawo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisencane ezikhula ngokushesha zivame ukuchitheka njalo emavikini angu-5-6, kuyilapho izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindala zichitha izikhathi ezingu-3-4 ngonyaka. Lapho befinyelela ubukhulu bawo obukhulu, inqubo ye-molting iyancipha kakhulu.
9
Iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo lingama-diurnal.
Lokhu kungenxa yesimo sazo esinegazi elibandayo, okwenza isilwane sisebenze lapho ukushisa kweLanga kufinyelela phansi.
10
Umbono wabo uthuthukiswe kahle kakhulu.
Ngenxa yemisebenzi yansuku zonke, amehlo ezilwane ezihuquzelayo ayakwazi ukubona imibala futhi abone ukujula. Amehlo abo aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-cones okubona umbala kanye nenani elincane lezinduku zokubona ebusuku kwe-monochromatic. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umbono wasebusuku wezilwane ezihuquzelayo awusizi ngalutho kuzo.
11
Kukhona nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikwazi ukubona kancane kancane kube ziro.
Lezi izinyoka ezingaphansi kwe-Scolecophidia, amehlo azo ancishisiwe ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi atholakala ngaphansi kwezikali ezimboze ikhanda. Iningi labameleli balezi zinyoka baphila impilo engaphansi komhlaba, abanye bazala njengama-hermaphrodites.
12
Ama-lepidosaur, okungukuthi, ama-sphenodonts, nama-squamates (izinyoka, izilwane ezihlala emanzini kanye nezibankwa) aneso lesithathu.
Lesi sitho ngokwesayensi sibizwa ngokuthi i-parietal eye. Itholakala emgodini ophakathi kwamathambo e-parietal. Iyakwazi ukuthola ukukhanya okuhlotshaniswa ne-pineal gland, ebhekele ukukhiqizwa kwe-melatonin (i-hormone yokulala) futhi ihileleke ekulawuleni umjikelezo we-circadian kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamahomoni adingekayo ukuphatha nokwandisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba.
13
Kuzo zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo, i-genitourinary tract kanye ne-anus ivula isitho esibizwa ngokuthi i-cloaca.
Iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo likhipha i-uric acid; izimfudu kuphela, njengezilwane ezincelisayo, ezikhipha i-urea emchameni wazo. Izimfudu kuphela nezibankwa eziningi ezinesinye. Izibankwa ezingenamilenze ezifana ne-slowworm kanye ne-monitor lizard azinayo.
14
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningi zinejwabu leso, ijwabu leso lesithathu elivikela inhlamvu yeso.
Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-squamates (ikakhulukazi ama-geckos, ama-platypus, ama-noctules nezinyoka) anezilinganiso ezisobala esikhundleni sezikali, ezinikeza ukuvikeleka okungcono nakakhulu ekulimaleni. Izilinganiso ezinjalo zavela ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwamajwabu amehlo angaphezulu naphansi, ngakho-ke atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezingenayo.
15
Izimfudu zinezinye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.
Zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yomzimba, isibonelo, esinyeni sofudu lwendlovu singakha amaphesenti angama-20 esisindo sesilwane.
16
Zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo zisebenzisa amaphaphu azo ukuze ziphefumule.
Ngisho nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifana nezimfudu zasolwandle, ezikwazi ukutshuza amabanga amade, kufanele zize phezulu ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze zithole umoya ohlanzekile.
17
Izinyoka eziningi zinephaphu elilodwa kuphela elisebenzayo, elilungile.
Kwezinye izinyoka inxele liyancipha noma lingekho ngokuphelele.
18
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningi nazo azinawo ulwanga.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele babambe umoya ngenkathi begwinya inyamazane. Okuhlukile yizingwenya nezikhumba, eziye zakha ulwanga lwesibili. Ezingwenya, inomsebenzi owengeziwe wokuvikela ubuchopho, ongalinyazwa inyamazane ezivikela ekudliweni.
19
Iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo zizalana ngokocansi futhi zikhiqiza amaqanda.
Kukhona nezinhlobo ze-ovoviviparous - ikakhulukazi izinyoka. Cishe u-20% wezinyoka zine-ovoviviparous; ezinye izibankwa, kuhlanganise ne-slow worm, nazo zizalana ngale ndlela. Ubuntombi buvame ukutholakala ezikhovaneni zasebusuku, ama-chameleon, ama-agamid kanye nama-senetids.
20
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningi zizalela amaqanda embozwe ngegobolondo lesikhumba noma le-calcareous. Zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizalela amaqanda emhlabathini, ngisho nalezo ezihlala ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, njengezimfudu.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kokubili abadala kanye nemibungu kufanele baphefumule umoya womoya, onganele ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukushintshana kwegesi phakathi kwengaphakathi leqanda nendawo yalo kwenzeka nge-chorion, ulwelwesi olungaphandle lwe-serous olumboza iqanda.
21
Ummeleli wokuqala “wezilwane ezihuquzelayo zangempela” kwakungunyathi uHylonomus lyelli.
Yayiphila eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-312 edlule, yayingama-20-25 cm ubude futhi yayifana nezibankwa zesimanje. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto ezanele zefosili, kusenenkulumompikiswano ngokuthi ngabe lesi silwane kufanele sibekwe njengesilwane esihuquzelayo noma esihlala emanzini nasemanzini.
22
Isilwane esihuquzelayo esikhulu kunazo zonke ingwenya yasemanzini anosawoti.
Abesilisa balezi zidlakela ezidla ezinye bafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kuka-6,3 m nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-1300 kg. Ezinsikazi ziyingxenye yobukhulu bazo, kodwa zisawusongo kubantu. Bahlala eningizimu ye-Asia nase-Australasia, lapho bahlala khona emaxhaphozini omhlume anosawoti asogwini nasezindaweni eziphuma emfuleni.
23
Isilwane esihuquzelayo esincane kunazo zonke i-chameleon Brookesia nana.
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-nanochameleon futhi ifinyelela ku-29 mm ubude (kwabesifazane) kanye no-22 mm (kwabesilisa). Ivamile futhi ihlala emahlathini ashisayo enyakatho yeMadagascar. Lolu hlobo lwatholwa ngo-2012 ngudokotela wezilwane waseJalimane uFrank Rainer Glo.
24
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zanamuhla zincane uma ziqhathaniswa nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zenkathi edlule. I-sauropod dinosaur enkulu kunazo zonke etholwe kuze kube manje, i-Patagotitan mayorum, yayingamamitha angu-37 ubude.
Lesi sidlakela singaba nesisindo esisuka kumathani angama-55 kuye kwangama-69. Okutholakele kwenziwa ekwakhiweni kwedwala leCerro Barcino e-Argentina. Kuze kube manje, kutholakale izinsalela zabameleli abangu-6 balolu hlobo, abafa kule ndawo eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-101,5 edlule.
25
Inyoka ende kunazo zonke eyatholwa abantu kwakungummeli wePython sebae, ehlala eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika.
Nakuba amalungu ohlobo lwezilwane ngokuvamile efinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-6, umnikazi werekhodi wadutshulwa esikoleni e-Bingerville, e-Ivory Coast, eNtshonalanga Afrika, wayemamitha angu-9,81 ubude.
26
Ngokwe-WHO, baphakathi kuka-1.8 no-2.7 million abantu abalunywa yizinyoka minyaka yonke.
Ngenxa yalokho, kufa abantu abaphakathi kuka-80 no-140, futhi abantu abaningi ngokuphindwe kathathu kufanele banqunywe izitho zabo ngemva kokulunywa.
27
I-Madagascar iyizwe lama-chameleon.
Njengamanje, kuye kwachazwa izinhlobo ezingu-202 zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi cishe ingxenye yazo ihlala kulesi siqhingi. Izinhlobo ezisele zihlala e-Afrika, eningizimu yeYurophu, eningizimu ye-Asia kuze kufike eSri Lanka. Amachameleon nawo athulwe eHawaii, California naseFlorida.
28
Sinye kuphela isibankwa emhlabeni esiphila impilo yasolwandle. Lona uxamu wasolwandle.
Lolu uhlobo lwezilwane ezitholakala eziqhingini zaseGalapagos. Uchitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku ephumule ematsheni asogwini futhi engena emanzini efuna ukudla. Ukudla kukaxamu wasolwandle kuhlanganisa ulwelwe olubomvu noluluhlaza.
Amaqiniso anentshisekeloAmaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nama-crustaceans
OkulandelayoAmaqiniso anentshisekeloAmaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana ne-grey heron
