Isivinini esiphezulu sempukane endizeni: izici ezimangalisayo zabashayeli bezindiza abanamaphiko amabili

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Izimpukane zaziwa yizo zonke izinambuzane ezindizayo, ezicasulayo. Esikhathini esishisayo, bayamcasula kakhulu umuntu: bayaluma, abavumeli ukuba balale futhi bachithe ukudla. Izinambuzane azijabulisi kubantu, futhi ososayensi banesithakazelo esikhulu, ikakhulukazi, ukunakwa okukhethekile kunikezwa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izimpukane zindiza kanjani. Ngokombono we-aerodynamics, ukundiza kwale Diptera kuyisenzakalo esiyingqayizivele.

Anjani amaphiko empukane

Amaphiko ezilwane ezinomgogodla ahlelwa ngosizo lwemisipha yawo, kodwa ayikho imisipha emaphikweni ale arthropod. Zihamba ngenxa yokufinyela kwezicubu zesifuba, ezixhunywe ngazo kusetshenziswa idivayisi ekhethekile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphiko ngokwawo ahlelwe ngendlela ehlukile kunezinyoni namalulwane. Ziqukethe udonga olungaphezulu noluphansi, ngalunye olwakhiwe ungqimba lwe-hypodermis, futhi lumbozwe phezulu nge-cuticle. Phakathi kwezindonga kunesikhala esincane esigcwele i-hemolymph.
Uphiko luphinde lube nohlelo lwe-chitinous tubes-veins. Ukuntuleka kwamaphiko amabili esibili kuvumela izimpukane ukuthi zinyakaze kaningi futhi ziqondise ngenkathi zindiza. Amapheya angemuva amaphiko ancishiswa abe yizitho ezimila ngaphandle ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-haltere.
Lezi zitho zidlala indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokusuka - ngenxa yokudlidliza kwazo, okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, isinambuzane asikwazi ukwandisa kancane kancane imvamisa yokushaywa kwamaphiko, kodwa ngokushesha sethule isivinini esikhulu sokushaywa, esivumela ukuba sihlukane. ubuso ngomzuzwana.
Futhi, ama-haltere ehliswa ama-receptors asebenza njengeziqinisi - ahamba ngemvamisa efanayo namaphiko. Umsindo ozwakala ngesikhathi sokundiza kwempukane ("i-buzz") efanayo uwumphumela wokudlidliza kwalezi zitho, hhayi ukubhakuzisa kwamaphiko.
Imisipha endizayo yesinambuzane ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2: amandla nokuqondisa (ukuqondisa). Ezangaphambili zithuthuke kakhulu futhi zibhekwa njengezinamandla kakhulu ezilwaneni. Kodwa aziguquguquki, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuhamba ngosizo lwazo. Imisipha yokuqondisa inika ukunemba endizeni - kukhona eziyishumi nambili zazo.

Izici zendiza yempukane

Noma ubani angaqiniseka ngokusuka kwe-aerodynamics yendiza - ngoba lokhu kwanele ukubuka isinambuzane. Kuyabonakala ukuthi i-Diptera ayibonakali ikwazi ukulawula ukundiza kwayo: noma indiza emoyeni, bese iphuthuma phambili noma ishintshe indlela yayo, iphenduke emoyeni. Lokhu kuziphatha okuthakaselayo ososayensi abavela eCalifornia Research Institute. Ukuze kufundwe indlela yokundiza, ochwepheshe basungule ukuhlola ngempukane i-Drosophila. Lesi sinambuzane safakwa kusikhuthazi sendiza esikhethekile: ngaphakathi kuso, sashaya amaphiko, futhi indawo ezungezile yashintsha, kwasiphoqa ukuba sishintshe indlela yendiza.
Phakathi nocwaningo, kwavezwa ukuthi izimpukane azinawo umgudu othile - zindiza ngamazombezombe. Ngasikhathi sinye, indiza ayiyona isiphithiphithi kakhulu, ukuqondiswa kwayo kuvame ukunqunywa izidingo zangaphakathi zesinambuzane: indlala, umuzwa wokuzala, umuzwa wengozi - uma impukane ibona isithiyo endleleni yayo, isheshe. kanye nokuqondisa ngempumelelo. Kuyamangaza ukuthi impukane ayidingi ukusheshisa ukuze isuke, futhi ayidingi ukuba ihambe kancane ukuze ihlale phansi. Kuze kube manje, abacwaningi abakwazanga ukutadisha ngokugcwele zonke izindlela zokunyakaza okungajwayelekile okunjalo.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zendiza yendiza

Akukho ukwehlukana okucacile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zendiza futhi kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zazo.

Ngokuvamile, ososayensi basebenzisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

  • ukukhukhuleka - isinambuzane sihamba ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla angaphandle, isibonelo, umoya;
  • ipharashuthi - impukane iyasuka, bese yelula amaphiko ayo emoyeni bese yehla, njengokungathi i-parachute;
  • phezulu - isinambuzane sisebenzisa imisinga yomoya, ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ukunyakaza kuya phambili nangaphezulu.

Uma i-dipteran idinga ukunqoba ibanga elide (cishe 2-3 km.), Bese ikhula ngesivinini esikhulu futhi ayimi phakathi nendiza.

Indiza yempukane. (Bona yonke into!) #13

Impukane indiza ngokushesha kangakanani

I-arthropod indiza ngokushesha kunomuntu. Ijubane layo elijwayelekile lendiza ngu-6,4 km/h.

Kunezinhlobo ezinezinkomba zejubane eliphakeme kakhulu, isibonelo, izimpukane zikwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esingafika ku-60 km / h.

Ikhono le-Diptera lokundiza ngokushesha libanikeza ukusinda okuhle kakhulu: bacasha kalula ezitheni futhi bathole izimo ezivumayo zokuba khona.

Ingandiza phezulu kangakanani

Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi ukuphakama kwendiza kulinganiselwe, kodwa izinkomba zisamangalisa - umuntu omdala uyakwazi ukundiza aze afike esitezi se-10. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyaziwa ukuthi izici zangaphandle, njengesivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso, zithinta ukuphakama kwendiza.

Enetheni, ungathola ulwazi oluqashelwe ukuthi izimpukane zifika esitezi sama-20, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokuhlola balokhu.

Izimpukane akudingekile neze ukuba ziphakame kakhulu: konke ezikudingayo ukuze zibe khona okuvamile kuseduze nomhlabathi. Ukudla kwabo bakuthola ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, ezindaweni zokulahla udoti nasezindlini zabantu.

 

isivinini sokundiza.

Ibanga eliphezulu lendiza lempukane

Lesi sinambuzane siyagqama ekhonweni laso lokuhamba amabanga amade - siyakwazi ukundiza amakhilomitha amathathu. ungami ihora nje. Nokho, ukuze la makhono azibonakalise, isinambuzane kumelwe sibe nezizathu ezinhle.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ziqhutshwa izidingo zomzimba ezifana nendlala, isifiso sokushada, noma isidingo sokubekela amaqanda. Ngokuvamile awandizi amabanga amade kangako, ngoba endaweni eseduze angathola konke akudingayo.

Izici ezimangalisayo ze-aerodynamic zezimpukane

Ku-aerodynamics, asikho isinambuzane esingaqhathaniswa nayo. Uma abacwaningi bengakwazi ukwembula zonke izimfihlo zendiza yayo, khona-ke kulezi zimiso kuzokwazi ukwakha indiza yesimanje. Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga ngezindiza ezindizayo, ososayensi babhala amaphuzu amaningana athakazelisayo:

  1. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, iphiko lenza ukunyakaza okufana nokugwedla ngezigwedlo - lijikeleza ngokuphathelene ne-axis longitudinal futhi lithatha izikhundla ezihlukahlukene.
  2. Ngomzuzwana owodwa, isinambuzane senza amakhulu ambalwa amaphiko aso abhakuze.
  3. Indiza iyalawuleka kakhulu - ukuze ijike ngesivinini esiphezulu ngamadigri angu-120, impukane yenza ama-flap angaba ngu-18 kuma-millisecond angu-80.
Ngaphambilini
Amaqiniso anentshisekeloZingaki izidladla ezinempukane futhi zihlelwe kanjani: yini ehlukile yemilenze yezinambuzane ezinamaphiko
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IzimpukaneOkudliwa yizimpukane ekhaya nalokho ezikudlayo emvelweni: ukudla komakhelwane abacasulayo bakwaDiptera
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