Iphela lizala kanjani: umjikelezo wempilo yezinambuzane
Abantu bahlangana namaphela kaningi futhi abaningi bazi kahle ukuthi babukeka kanjani. Uma okungenani ummeleli oyedwa walo mndeni etholakala efulethini, khona-ke ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa inani lezinambuzane lingakhula amashumi noma ngisho namakhulu ezikhathi. Ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu kuvamile kumaphela, ngoba ezinye izilwane eziningi zingaba nomona ngobungqabavu nokuzala kwawo.
Okuqukethwe
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamaphela
Njengoba wazi, ezinambuzaneni eziningi, inkathi yokukhwelana iqala ngokufika kwentwasahlobo futhi ihlala kuze kube maphakathi nokwindla. Lokhu kuhlobene ngokuqondile nezimo zezulu kanye nomsebenzi wonyaka wezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi amaphela ahlala eduze komuntu, ayeka ukuncika ekushintsheni kwezinkathi zonyaka.
Lezi zinambuzane zisebenza unyaka wonke futhi isikhathi sazo sokukhwelana, ngokulandelana, singahlala zonke izinsuku ezingama-365.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukukhwelana?
Ukukhwelana kwamaphela.
Amaphela, njengezinye izinambuzane, azalana ngokocansi. Ukukhwelana kokuqala kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuba insikazi ifinyelele ekuvuthweni kobulili. Lapho ezizwa ekulungele, uqala ukukhiqiza ama-pheromone akhethekile aheha abesilisa, bese kuba khona imizwa engokwemvelo.
Abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo zamaphela babheka indaba yemidlalo yokukhwelana ngokunesibopho. Bangakwazi ukunakekela insikazi abayithandayo isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokukhwelana, futhi “abamahhashi” abathi “intokazi” efanayo ngezinye izikhathi baze balwe bodwa.
Kwenzekani ngemva kokukhwelana
Ukubamba kwephela.
Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo yokukhwelana kwamaphela, ngamunye wabo uqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Abesilisa bahamba bayofuna "inkosikazi" entsha nokudla, futhi abesifazane abakhulelwe babekela amaqanda futhi banakekele inzalo yesikhathi esizayo. Ukukhwelana okukodwa ngokuvamile kwanele ukuthi insikazi ikwazi ukukhiqiza ama-ovipositions amaningana avundisiwe, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza okwengeziwe kwabesilisa.
Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe konke, iphela elilodwa lensikazi likwazi ukubeka ama-ovipositions ama-4 kuye kwayi-10. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene, inani lamaqanda ku-oviposition eyodwa lingahluka kusuka ku-10 kuya kwezingu-60. Ekugcineni, kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, “umama wamaphela” anganikeza umhlaba izilokazane ezintsha ezingaba ngu-600.
Izinsikazi zezinhlobo ezithile ziye zakwazi ngisho nokuzivumelanisa nokungabi khona ngokuphelele kwabesilisa futhi ziye zafunda ukuvundisa amaqanda ngaphandle kokukhwelana.
Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwamaphela
Umjikelezo wempilo yephela.
Ukuguqulwa kwamaphela asuka emaqandeni abe amadala kubonakala ngomjikelezo wokukhula ongaphelele futhi uhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:
- iqanda;
- nymph;
- imago.
Iqanda
Amaqanda ephela lensikazi avikeleke kahle engozini. Okokuqala, ngemva kokuvundiswa, zifakwa ekamelweni elikhethekile, elibizwa ngokuthi i-ootheca. Iziqukathi ezinjalo zokuzivikela zinezindonga eziminyene ngokwanele futhi zivikela amaqanda hhayi nje emonakalweni wemishini, kodwa futhi nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa.
Ootheca kanye nezibungu.
Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda kuze kube yilapho izibungu ziphuma zingathatha kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Akuxhomekile kuphela ohlotsheni lwezinambuzane, kodwa futhi nezimo zemvelo. Lapho kushisa, imibungu ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa uma i-ootheca isegumbini lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphansi kwama-+15 degrees, khona-ke inqubo yokuvuthwa kwayo ingase ibambezeleke.
Ezinsikazi zezinye izinhlobo zithwala amaqanda azo emzimbeni kuze kube yilapho izibungu ziphuma kuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, kumaPrussia, i-ootheca ixhunywe ngaphansi kwesisu sensikazi futhi ihlala lapho kuze kube yilapho amaphela amancane achanyuselwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwamanye amaphela, "izikhwama" zamaqanda zihlukaniswa nomzimba kamama futhi zigcinwe endaweni eyimfihlo.
Nymph
Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa cishe zijwayele ukuphila okuzimele.
Izigaba zokuvuthwa kwamaphela.
Njengoba singekho isigaba se-pupal ekuthuthukisweni kwamaphela, izinambuzane ezincane ziphuma ngokushesha emaqandeni, ahluke kubantu abadala kuphela ngosayizi nokuqina kombala. Emasontweni okuqala ngemva kokuzalwa kwezibungu, abesifazane bezinhlobo ezithile bayazinakekela futhi basize ekufuneni ukudla.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ama-nymphs asanda kuzalwa anezingqimba ezimhlophe noma ezisobala. Ngenqubo yokuthuthukiswa, banda ngosayizi kanye ne-molt izikhathi eziningana. Isikhathi sokuguqulwa kwesibungu sibe iphela elidala sincike kakhulu ezimweni zangaphandle. Emazingeni okushisa omoya angaphezu kuka-+20 degrees Celsius, lesi sigaba singahlala kusuka kumaviki ama-3 kuye kwayi-6. Ekamelweni elipholile, ama-nymphs azokhula izikhathi eziningana isikhathi eside.
Imago
Kusukela eqandeni kuya esinambuzaneni esikhulile, ezinhlobonhlobo, kungathatha isilinganiso sezinyanga ezi-3 kuye kweziyisi-6. Njengoba ukwakheka kwemizimba yezibungu kanye nabantu abadala bamaphela empeleni akufani, umehluko wabo omkhulu ukuthomba. Ngokushesha nje lapho ama-nymphs ekhula futhi elungele ukukhwelana nezinsikazi nabesilisa, angabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi amadala. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila esiteji sabantu abadala singasukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuye eminyakeni eminingana, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo nezimo zokuphila.
Indlela amaphela esifazane avikela ngayo inzalo yawo
Amaphela ezinsikazi angabazali abanomthwalo wemfanelo. Bavikela inzalo yabo kuso sonke isigaba sokuvuthwa kwamaqanda futhi kwezinye izimo baze basize izibungu ezincane. I-ootheca lapho amaqanda agcinwa khona iyimfece eqinile ngokwayo, kodwa amaphela ezinsikazi asazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqanda aphephe ngangokunokwenzeka. Bakwenza ngezindlela ezimbili:
- fihla i-ootheca endaweni emnyama, evikelekile;
- bahamba nayo kuze kuvele izimfene.
Isizukulwane sephela laseMadagascar.
Lapha kubalulekile ukuqaphela amaphela aseMadagascar. Bangakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngesihloko sezinambuzane ze-viviparous. Kulezi ziqhwaga zezwe lamaphela, i-ootheca ifihliwe ngaphakathi kwesisu futhi ihlala lapho kuze kube yilapho izibungu zizalwa. Izibungu zichanyuselwa emaqandeni khona kanye ngaphakathi emzimbeni kamama futhi ziphume kuwo ziphumele ngaphandle. Isitsha seqanda esinesikhumba silandela izinambuzane ezincane futhi sisebenza njengokudla kwazo kokuqala emhlabeni wabantu abadala.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezithwala i-ootheca ngemva kwazo ziye zafunda ukuyidubula lapho kwenzeka ingozi. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho isinambuzane sivaleleke ekhoneni futhi ukuphila kwaso kusongelwa ukufa okuseduze. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umshini wokuzivikela okhethekile uqalwa kowesifazane, okuthi kungazelelwe "i-ootheca" isuke emzimbeni kamama, ngaleyo ndlela isindise impilo yawo wonke ama-oviposition.
Ungase ube nentshisekelo luphi ulwandle lwe-sargasso.
Yiziphi izimo ezivumelana kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwamaphela
Nakuba amaphela ebhekwa njengenye yezinambuzane eziqine kakhulu, empeleni ancike kakhulu ezimweni eziwazungezile.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphansi kakhulu futhi eliphakeme kakhulu lingaba nomthelela omubi ekukhuleni kwesizukulwane esisha. Izinga lokushisa lomoya elihle kakhulu lamaphela licishe libe ngu-+25 - +35 degrees Celsius, lapho akhula khona futhi athuthuke ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa libe ngu-+15 degrees kungaba nomthelela omubi kumaphela. Abantu abadala baba buthakathaka futhi baze bayeke ukuzala, kuyilapho ukubeka amaqanda nezibungu zinciphisa kakhulu noma ziyeke ukukhula. Ngokuqondene namazinga okushisa angemahle, uphawu luka -5 degrees lungaba yingozi kumaphela amadala, kodwa ngeke alimaze amaqanda ngaphakathi kwe-ootheca. Kwakamuva, ingozi iwukwehla kuphela kwezinga lokushisa liye ku--15 degrees Celsius.
Umswakama nawo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amaphela. Lezi zinambuzane zincike kakhulu emthonjeni wamanzi futhi isizathu esiyinhloko sokubukeka kwazo ezindlini ngokuvamile akuzona imvuthu kanye nokudla okusele ematafuleni, kodwa ukuba khona komthombo wamanzi njalo.
Uma umoya ekamelweni womile kakhulu futhi kungekho manzi avulekile eduze, khona-ke ngokushesha umzimba wesinambuzane uzolahlekelwa umswakama odingekayo futhi uyeke ukusebenza ngendlela evamile. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lekamelo lingahwamulisa umswakama futhi lenze umoya wome, okuyingozi kumaphela.
isiphetho
Uma uwabuka nje, amaphela abonakala eyizilwane ezikhethayo ezikwazi ukuphila futhi zizalane cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo. Eqinisweni, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Izinambuzane ezinama-mustachio, yiqiniso, ziqhayisa ikhono elihle lokwandisa inani labantu, kodwa, ukuze zizalane, zidinga izimo zezulu ezivumayo kanye nomthombo wezinsiza ezidingekayo.
Ngaphambilini