Umjikelezo wokuphila komkhaza: indlela ihlathi elithi "bloodsucker" lizala ngayo emvelweni
Njengamanje, kukhona ukusabalala kwemikhaza ngaphezu kobubanzi bendawo yabo yemvelo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, lesi silokazane sasingase sihlangane ehlathini kuphela, manje sesihlasela kakhulu abantu nezilwane emapaki edolobha nasezindlini zasehlobo. Esinye sezizathu zalokhu ukuthi ukuzala komkhaza kuyinqubo esheshayo.
Okuqukethwe
Izalana kanjani imikhaza
Inqubo yokuzalanisa incike endaweni yazo kanye nenani lemisoco etholakalayo. Ngokuvamile, ukukhwelana kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngoba lezi zinambuzane zikhetha indawo etholakalayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, owesifazane uqala ukuzifunela umondli omusha, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi udinga ukudla izakhi eziningi.
Uyini umehluko phakathi komkhaza wesifazane nowesilisa
Uhlelo lokuzala lwemikhaza luqala esigabeni sokugcina somjikelezo wempilo yabo, ngaphambi kokuba lube ngabantu abadala. Ngaphandle, abesilisa nabesifazane bafana kakhulu komunye nomunye, kodwa insikazi ingahlukaniswa ngosayizi: inkulu kancane kuneyeduna.
Ukwakheka kwezitho zangasese zabantu abahlukene
Imikhaza ayinazo izici zocansi zangaphandle. Uhlelo lokuzala lwabesifazane luqukethe lezi zitho ezilandelayo:
- isitho sangasese sowesifazane;
- isitsha seminal kanye nezindlala;
- ama-oviducts;
- i-ovary engasebenzi;
- isibeletho.
Izitho zocansi zowesilisa:
- i-spermatophore (iqukethe i-spermatozoa);
- i-ejaculatory canal (ehlala itholakala ngaphakathi, ukuphuma ngesikhathi sokukhwelana);
- amasende abhanqiwe;
- izitolo zembewu;
- i-vesicle yesidoda;
- izindlala zesekeli.
Imikhaza izalela amaqanda kancane kancane, ngesikhathi eyesifazane ikwazi ukubeka iqanda elilodwa kuphela. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu bezitho zayo zangaphakathi.
Izici Zokuphindaphindeka
Ezisikazi ziphila isikhathi eside kancane kunabesilisa, ziyafa ngemva kokubekela amaqanda. Ngemva kokukhwelana, insikazi kufanele iphuze igazi elanele: idinga umthamo ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-3-5 ngosayizi womzimba wayo. Lapho isisuthi, insikazi ibheka indawo efanelekile, icubungula igazi bese ibeka. Iqhaza leduna ukudluliswa kofuzo. Ngemva kokukhwelana, umkhaza wesilisa uyafa.
Izilwane okuzalela kuzo izimbuzane zasehlathini
Izimuncagazi zasehlathini zingazalana kunoma yisiphi isilwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani. Imvamisa, izisulu zabo zingamagundane afana negundane: ama-voles, amagundane ehlathi, njalonjalo. Ngezinye izikhathi imikhaza ikhetha izinyoni ezinkulu: izingulube zasendle, ama-elks. Izinyoni ezihlala phansi nazo ziyindawo eyintandokazi yezimuncagazi.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zomkhaza: ziyahlukahluka ohlotsheni lokuziphatha, imikhuba yokudla, futhi inomehluko wangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, bonke badlula ezigabeni ezifanayo zokuthuthuka futhi banesimo esijwayelekile sokuguqulwa kwabantu abasha babe ngabantu abadala.
inkathi yokukhwelana
Izinambuzane zingazalana kuphela ngemva kokugcwala okugcwele, ngakho-ke, phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana, indima eyinhloko ayidlali ngokuba khona komlingani, kodwa ngokukwazi ukuthola ukudla. Ama-parasites aqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, yingakho umsebenzi womkhaza ophakeme kakhulu ubonwa ngalesi sikhathi - adinga njalo ukugcwalisa isidingo sawo sezakhi namandla.
umsebenzi wokwakha
Ngemva kokugcwala nokuzala, imikhaza yabesifazane iqala ukubeka amaqanda.
Phawula ukukhula kombungu
Ngemva kokushona komuntu wesifazane, umbungu uqala ukukhula eqandeni ngalinye. Le nqubo ingathatha isikhathi esihlukile: kusukela emavikini ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Inqubo yokwakheka kombungu ithonywa yizici zangaphandle: isilinganiso sokushisa kwansuku zonke, amahora okukhanya emini, umswakama.
Uma ukubeka kwenzeka ekwindla sekwephuzile, amaqanda angaba overwinter, futhi umbungu uzoqhubeka nokukhula kwawo lapho kuqala entwasahlobo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuphila, izibungu zomkhaza ziphezu kodoti futhi azisebenzi.
| Isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthuka | Ekuqaleni kwalesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa, igobolondo elivikelayo ekugcineni liyakhiwa kubo, umuntu uyakhula futhi akakabi yingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni. |
| Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho | Ngisho noma isibungu siwela ngephutha kumuntu ongase abe khona, ngeke sinamathele. Isici sesici sabantu ngabanye phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokukhula ukuba khona kwamapheya angu-3 emilenze, kuyilapho abantu abadala banamapheya angu-4. |
| Qala umsoco | Ngemva kokuba isibungu sithole amandla futhi sifinyelele izinga elithile lokuthuthuka, siyahamba siyofuna ukudla. Ngokuvamile, izibungu zingena ezindaweni zokuhlala zamagundane nezinyoni. |
| I-Moult | Ngemva kokuba isibungu sisuthi, isigaba esilandelayo siqala empilweni yaso - ukubola. Ngalesi sikhathi, igobolondo elivikelayo liyanyamalala futhi igobolondo le-chitinous livela, futhi imilenze yesine nayo ibonakala. |
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-nymph
I-nymph ihluke kumuntu omdala kuphela lapho ingekho isimiso sokuzala - phakathi nalesi sikhathi iqala ukukhula kwayo. Futhi kulesi sigaba, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-cuticle entsha, izitho nesisindo somzimba. Isikhathi sithatha usuku kuphela, ngalesi sikhathi umkhaza nawo udinga ukudla ngenkuthalo.
Ngemva kokuba isinambuzane sesisuthi, isigaba se-molt esilandelayo siqala. Uma isikhathi siwela ngenkathi ebandayo, umkhaza ungase ulale futhi uqhubeke nokukhula kwawo entwasahlobo. Ngemva kwalokho, umkhaza uphenduka ube umuntu omdala - i-imago.
Izikhathi ezichaziwe zokukhula zijwayelekile kumakhizane e-ixodid kanye ne-argas, bonke abanye badlula ezigabeni ezimbili: umbungu - i-nymph noma i-embryo - isibungu.
Ubude bempilo kanye nenani lamaqanda
Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwezinambuzane buncike ezimweni zezulu ezihlala kuzo, kanye nezinhlobo zazo. Isibonelo, imikhaza ye-ixodid ingaphila iminyaka engu-2-4, kanti izibungu ezincane ziphila izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.
Phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila, insikazi ingabekela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 kuya kwezingu-20.
Thika izitayela zokuphakela
Imikhaza ivamise ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlobo lokudla ibe yi-single kanye ne-multi-host. Imikhuba yokudla yomkhaza inqunywa izinhlobo zayo, ngokubona kwayo ayikwazi ukuzihlela kabusha bese ikhetha uhlelo oluhlukile.
umphathi oyedwa
Abantu abanjalo bancamela ukuhlala emzimbeni womnikazi oyedwa. Lama-parasite ahlala unomphela emzimbeni wesidalwa esinegazi elifudumele, lapho ezihlangana khona futhi zizalele amaqanda. Lezi zinhlobo zihlanganisa utwayi kanye nezibungu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba. Ezimweni ezingavamile, uma isinambuzane silamba kakhulu futhi singakwazi ukuthola umuntu ofanele ngokwebhayoloji, singase siyofuna omunye umsingathi.
i-multi-host
Leli qembu lihlanganisa izimuncagazi ezikhetha noma yiziphi izidalwa ezinegazi elifudumele njengezisulu. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula, ama-parasites avame ukukhetha amagundane amancane, futhi kamuva abheka umsingathi omkhulu. Futhi, imikhaza ibizwa nge-multi-host, engabheki ngokuqondile umthombo wokudla, kodwa ihlasela noma yisiphi isilwane esisendaweni efinyeleleka kuso.
Ingabe isibungu somkhaza singathelelana uma singakaze silume muntu ngaphambi komuntu?
Imikhaza iyizinambuzane eziphila futhi eziyingozi. Ingozi eyinhloko imelwe abantu abafinyelele esigabeni sabantu abadala, abantu abasha abakhuthele futhi abavamile ukuhlasela abantu, kodwa kusekhona ingozi yokutheleleka kubo.
Ngaphambilini