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Izibungu eziyingozi ezinyosini: indlela yokuvikela indawo yezinyosi ezinambuzaneni ezibulalayo

Umbhali walesi sihloko
Ukubukwa kwe-437
9 imiz. ukufunda

Kuyavunywa ukuthi imikhaza iyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni kuphela. Nokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlasela izinambuzane ezizuzisa abantu. Isibonelo, ama-varroa mites yizilokazane ezincane ezihlasela izinyosi futhi zisakaze amagciwane ayingozi. Ngaphambilini, ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-varroa, abafuyi bezinyosi kwakudingeka bashise ama-apiary wonke.

Iyini i-varroa mite

Izibungu ze-Varroa ziyi-ectoparasites futhi zichitha umjikelezo wempilo yazo yonke ezinyosini. Izinambuzane zincane ngosayizi - 1-2 mm., Umzimba uyisicaba kakhulu, ngaphandle ufana nesoso eliyisiyingi elihlanekezelwe. I-varroa inamapheya angu-4 emilenze embozwe uboya, ngenxa yalokho ibambe ngokuqinile phezu kwenyosi.

Babukeka kanjani abesilisa nabesifazane?

Abantu ngabanye bahlukaniswe ngokusobala abesilisa nabesifazane.

Izici ze-morphological ze-varroa yabesifazane:

  • isimo somzimba esingavamile, ngenxa yokuthi insikazi ibanjwe ngokuqinile emzimbeni wenyosi;
  • ukuba khona kwe-perithrimal tube ehambayo, ngenxa yokuthi isinambuzane singakwazi ukulawula ukuphefumula kuye ngezimo zemvelo;
  • ukutholakala kwamazinyo amancane ku-chelicerae, aqondiswe emzimbeni - ngenxa yabo, inkathazo ibanjwe ngokuqinile emzimbeni wesisulu;
  • isembozo esikhethekile somzimba, esivimbela insikazi ukuba inamathele emfihlakalweni enamathelayo.

Umzimba wabesilisa uyindilinga, ubukhulu babesilisa buncane kunabesifazane - akukho ngaphezu kuka-0,8 mm. Umbala womzimba umpunga-mhlophe noma uphuzi. Ungabona abesilisa kuphela ku-bee brood.

Imishini yomlomo isetshenziselwa kuphela ukudluliselwa kwesidoda ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kowesifazane.

Ipharynx cishe ayibonakali, ayinayo imisipha enamandla.

Izimbuzane zezinyosi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhiqiza

Ngokubonakala kwe-brood evulekile esidlekeni sezinyosi, insikazi ibeka amaqanda angaba ngu-7 ezindongeni zangaphakathi zamaseli. Amaqanda awabonakali ngeso lenyama, ubukhulu bawo abukho ngaphezu kuka-0,2-0,3 mm. Insikazi ingena kumaseli ezinsukwini ezingu-1-3 ngaphambi kokuba zivalwe.
Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi okuthandwayo kunikezwa kumaseli e-drone. Ezimweni ezipholile, ngokufuywa kwezinyosi okusebenzayo, insikazi ingabekela amaqanda angama-25. Kusukela eqandeni lokuqala, ngokuvamile owesilisa uzalwa, kusukela kwabanye - abesifazane.

Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-varroa yizinsuku ezingu-5-7 kuphela, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi inyosi noma i-drone ishiya iseli, owesilisa unesikhathi sokuvundisa izinyosi eziningana. Indlela yokuphila yomuntu wesilisa iphetha ngesikhathi sokuvundiswa - abondli futhi basheshe bafe.

Ezinsikazi zishiya amangqamuzana ezinyosi zodwa noma ezizingeleni zazo. Uma amaqanda e-mite ebekwe sekwephuzile, abantu abachanyuselwa bavame ukufa ngokushesha, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi isembozo se-chitinous se-bee pupa siyaqina, futhi izinambuzane azikwazi ukuluma.

Imikhaza ihlasela izinyosi.

Faka uphawu ukumelana nezinto ezingezinhle

Izinsikazi ze-Varroa ziyakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kokudla ekushiseni kwama-22-25 degrees izinsuku ezingu-5-6. Uma izinga lokushisa lomoya liphansi noma umoya ugcwele izinto ezinobuthi, izinambuzane ziyeka ukuphefumula futhi zifihle esitokisini sezinyosi, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulwa naso.

Ubusika kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-parasite kumaseli ane-brood

Ehlobo, insikazi iyakwazi ukuphila izinyanga ezingu-2-3, ebusika - cishe 5.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinyosi ebusika, ama-varroas ayayeka ukuzala futhi ama-7-10% awo ayafa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ebusika, insikazi eyodwa ibhubhisa izinyosi eziningana, ngoba idinga cishe u-5,5 μl wegazi lezinyosi ukuze uthole ukudla okunomsoco, futhi umthamo wegazi wenyosi eyodwa ngu-4,3 μl kuphela.

Izimbungulu ezincane.

Izindlela zokutheleleka kanye nezimpawu zokutheleleka kwezinyosi ezinomkhaza

Ukutheleleka kwezinyosi yizibungu kubangela isifo esihlaselayo i-varroatosis. Akubona abantu abadala kuphela abangakwazi ukutheleleka, kodwa futhi neziphungumangathi, izibungu zezinyosi.

Lesi sifo sidala umonakalo omkhulu ekufuyweni kwezinyosi futhi sisathathwa njengesihlava sangempela sale mboni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, i-varroosis isakazeka ngokushesha. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lokusabalala kwama-parasite liyi-10 km ngekota ngayinye futhi lincike enanini lama-apiaries endaweni. Esikhathini sasehlobo, ukutheleleka ngezibungu zezinyosi kwenzeka kanje:

  • lapho uthintana nenyosi enegciwane ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezimbali;
  • ngezinyosi ezingamasela;
  • ngokugcinwa okungalungile kwe-drone brood;
  • lapho uhlela kabusha amakhekheba ezinyosi kusuka emndenini wezinyosi kuya komunye;
  • nezinyosi ezizulazulayo;
  • ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwezinyosi;
  • lapho uthenga izindlovukazi nezinyosi;
  • lapho ama-brood angenwe yileli gciwane ethulwa ekoloni.

Eminyakeni yokuqala emi-2, ukuhlasela komkhaza kucishe kungabonakali. Ama-parasites aphindaphindeka ngenkuthalo, okuholela ekubonakaleni kanyekanye kwenani elikhulu lamakhizane, ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ehlobo. Abantu abasha bathelela cishe u-30% wezinyosi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Abantu abathintekile babonisa lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

  • ukuguqulwa komzimba;
  • umbala ohlukahlukene we-brood;
  • imilenze namaphiko akukho noma athuthukile;
  • ngesikhathi sasebusika, izinyosi ziziphatha ngokungaphumuli - zenza umsindo, zigxume ziphuma ezitokisini;
  • abasebenzi bayayeka ukundiza;
  • ngaphansi kwesidleke, inani elikhulu labantu abafile livela, emzimbeni lapho imikhaza ibonakala;
  • ekwindla, inani labantu liyancipha kakhulu;
  • ngemva kokuvunwa okuyinhloko koju, abantu abangenwe yilesi sifo bayasishiya isidleke, nakuba kunokudla okwanele.

Izibungu ezithintekile azinawo ungqimba olunamafutha, zinokusebenza okuphansi, yingakho izinyosi ezincane zichanyuselwa kuzo.

Izinambuzane ezincane.

Ukulimala okulethwa umkhaza enyosini eyodwa kanye nekoloni lilonke

Isisindo somzimba wenyosi esencane ehlaselwe i-parasite singaphansi kakhulu kunenyosi enempilo. Ukuncipha kwesisindo kuncike ekutheni zingaki izimbuzane ezingumama ezihlasele ingqamuzana ngesikhathi sokuzala nokuthi zingaki izikhathi zokukhwelana okwenzeka phakathi kwenzalo yezibungu ezingumama.

Ukutheleleka okukodwa ngokwesilinganiso kunciphisa isisindo somzimba ngo-7%.

Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwezinyosi ezithelelekile ziphansi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono layo lokuzulazula ngendlela evamile liyancishiswa, yingakho lingakwazi ukubuyela ekoloni isikhathi eside.

Ukuchayeka kuma-parasite kwehlisa amasosha omzimba ezinyosi, kuyenze ibe lula kumagciwane kanye namanye amagciwane. Futhi ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuchayeka kumagciwane athwala i-varoa, abantu abanamaphiko alimele, abancishwa amandla okundiza, baphuma kumaseli.
I-Varroa ibangela ukwehla komsebenzi wokuzala wekoloni lonke. Ama-drones atheleleke nge-parasite mancane amathuba okuthi ahlangane nendlovukazi. Emakoloni angenwe yileli gciwane, ukugcwala kwenzeka kancane, ngakho amakoloni awahlukani abe izingxenye eziningana. Ngokutheleleka okukhulu, ikoloni lezinyosi lifa ngokuphelele cishe eminyakeni emi-2.
Izindlu zezinyosi.

Izindlela zokubhekana nama-parasite

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-bee colony nge-varroitosis, kunezindlela eziningana ezivame ukuhlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali, i-biological kanye ne-biotechnical. Futhi, abafuyi bezinyosi bayazazi izindlela zabantu zokubhekana nama-bee parasites.

Amakhemikhali e-Acaricide

Ama-Acaricides ngamakhemikhali akhethekile asetshenziselwa ukubulala imikhaza, aphazamise ukukhula nokukhula kwawo. Ekufuyweni kwezinyosi, izidakamizwa ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa ukulwa ne-varroa:

Izindlela zokubhekana nama-bee parasites
Indawo#
Isihloko
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe
1
I-Pericin
9.5
/
10
Funda kabanzi
2
I-Apitol
8.7
/
10
Funda kabanzi
3
I-Cecafix
8.8
/
10
Funda kabanzi
4
I-Bayvarol
9.2
/
10
Funda kabanzi
5
I-Formic acid kuthayela we-Illert
9.3
/
10
Funda kabanzi
Izindlela zokubhekana nama-bee parasites
I-Pericin
1
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe:
9.5
/
10

Isenzo somuthi sihloselwe izinyosi ezindala ezingekho kuma-brood. Kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela ngesikhathi sasebusika bezplodny kabili, ngekhefu lezinsuku eziyi-7. Umuthi uyancibilika emafutheni, ngakho izinhlayiya zawo zihlala ku-wax noju. Ukucubungula kwenziwa nge-syringe noma ibhodlela lesifutho; isidleke esinamazinga amabili sizodinga ama-30 ml we-emulsion.

Плюсы
  • ukusebenza kahle okwanele;
  • elula ukufaka isicelo.
Минусы
  • enobuthi, ingena oju.
I-Apitol
2
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe:
8.7
/
10

Umuthi oncibilikayo emanzini, otholakala ngesimo sempushana. I-ejenti ichithwa emanzini futhi isetshenziswe ngokufafaza. Ukucutshungulwa kufanele kwenziwe emazingeni okushisa komoya aphansi ngezikhathi ezingezona zokuzala.

Плюсы
  • ngempumelelo uma ukumelana neminye imithi yakheka.
Минусы
  • enobuthi, ingena oju.
I-Cecafix
3
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe:
8.8
/
10

I-analogue yalokhu okuchazwe ngenhla kwe-pericin.

Плюсы
  • kulula ukubekezelelwa izinyosi kunamalungiselelo afanayo.
Минусы
  • alahlekile.
I-Bayvarol
4
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe:
9.2
/
10

Ithuluzi liwumucu okhethekile okufanele ulengiswe endaweni engaphakathi yesidleke. Into esebenzayo ingena ezinyosini ngenxa yokuthintana nomugqa. Ngokwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi, umuthi kufanele ushiywe esidlekeni amasonto ayi-6, kodwa lokhu kungaholela ekugxilweni ngokweqile kwento. Isikhathi esifanele sokufaka isicelo singamaviki ama-3. Kubalulekile ukulahla kahle i-bayvarol, akuvunyelwe ukuyiphonsa ezitsheni zikadoti. Sebenza kuphela ngamagilavu ​​enjoloba.

Плюсы
  • kufanelekile ukwelashwa nokuvimbela;
  • elula ukuyisebenzisa.
Минусы
  • enobuthi, idinga ukuqapha lapho usebenzisa.
I-Formic acid kuthayela we-Illert
5
Ukuhlola kochwepheshe:
9.3
/
10

Isimiso sokusebenza komkhiqizo sisekelwe ekuhwamukeni kwamathayili ezinto ezikhethekile ezinobuthi ku-parasite. Izihwamuko zingena emzimbeni wemikhaza ngohlelo lokuphefumula, ngaleyo ndlela zibathinte. Ukucubungula kufanele kwenziwe kusihlwa, ekushiseni komoya okungu- + 12-20 degrees. Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwezinyosi. Ngaphambi kokucubungula, kuyadingeka ukuhlanza amabhuloho we-wax kusuka ku-slats engenhla yefreyimu, bese uthela umusi phezu kwezinyosi ukuze isibeletho sibe phansi. Ukucubungula kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngekhefu lezinsuku eziyi-14. Udinga ukusebenza ngamagilavu ​​enjoloba.

Плюсы
  • ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Минусы
  • ukucubungula okunzima;
  • ingozi yokufa kwesibeletho.

Izindlela zebhayoloji neze-biotechnical

Lezi izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ezicabangela ubunjalo be-parasite. Lezi zindlela ziboniswe ukuthi ziyasebenza ngokumelene ne-varroa futhi zibhekwa njengephephile kunokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Izindlela zebhayoloji zokulwa nemikhaza zihlanganisa:

  1. I-mite edla inyama i-Stratiolaelaps scimitus. Lezi zinambuzane zidla i-varroa, kodwa kwezinye izimo zingahlasela amaqanda nezibungu zezinyosi. Kodwa-ke, azibeki usongo oluphawulekayo ku-bee colony.
  2. Ofezela bamanga noma bencwadi. Izilwane zidla izintwala zezinyosi, izibungu ze-varroa kanye nezibungu ze-wax moth. Zakha i-symbiosis nezinyosi futhi azibeki ingozi kuqoqo lezinyosi.

Ingqikithi yezindlela ze-biotechnical ukungenelela ngesikhathi sokukhula kwemikhaza ukuze ibabhubhise. Abafuyi bezinyosi basebenzisa izindlela ezilandelayo:

isicupho sezinyosi

Inyosi eyindlovukazi itshalwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ekamameni elingenalutho ekhejini lefreyimu. Ngakho-ke, ayikho i-brood evulekile ngaphandle kwekheji nendlovukazi, futhi izibungu zithuthela esicupheni sezinyosi esivulekile ngenhloso yokuzalanisa. Imbewu ekuleli khekhe "elikhohlisayo" iyabhujiswa.

Ukwelashwa okushisayo

Amakhekheba okucupha noma wonke amakhekhe ama-brood ashiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliyingozi ezibungwini, kodwa aphephile ezinyosini. Indlela inzima, kodwa iyasebenza impela.

Ukusika i-drone brood

Amanye amakhekheba ama-brood combs lapho abesifazane bebekela khona amaqanda abhujiswa ngokuqandisa. Indlela kufanele isetshenziswe ngoMashi no-April.

Amakhambi abantu

Njengesilinganiso esibanzi sokulwa nama-bee parasites, ungasebenzisa amakhambi esintu. Kunamaresiphi alandelayo:

  1. I-Horseradish. Ukuze kusetshenziswe izinyosi, amaqabunga e-horseradish omisiwe asetshenziswa. Zomise elangeni eliqondile kanye nomswakama ophansi. Izinto ezomile zifakwa kumuntu obhemayo futhi imivimbo engu-4 yenziwa endlini ngayinye. Amaqabunga e-Horseradish aqukethe i-formic ne-oxalic acid, ethinta kabi i-parasite.
  2. Uphalafini. Into evuthayo ixubene ne-Bipin kule ngxenye elandelayo: 4 ml. Bipin nge-100 ml kaphalafini. Inani elishiwo lanele ukucubungula amakoloni ezinyosi angama-50. Isixazululo sithelwa ku-cannon futhi ama-hives ayacutshungulwa.
  3. Ufulawa kaphayini. Yomisa noma yiziphi izinaliti futhi ugaye ube yimpushana. Umkhiqizo ovelayo ufafazwe ngezinyosi zezinyosi ngesilinganiso se-50 gr. okomndeni. Ukucubungula kufanele kwenziwe izikhathi ezintathu ngesikhawu sezinsuku eziyi-7.
  4. Amafutha e-Dill. 2 izinkomishi imbewu dill ochotshoziwe exutshwe 100 gr. amafutha yemifino. Ukwakhiwa okubangelwayo kushiswa emanzini okugeza amahora angu-2, bese ume usuku. Okulandelayo, isixazululo kufanele sicinywe futhi sisetshenziswe esiqeshini sefilimu yepulasitiki enesilinganiso esingu-30 x 20 cm. Beka ifilimu ngohlangothi oluphathwayo ohlakeni, bese ubeka ucezu olufanayo phezulu nohlangothi olugcotshiwe phezulu. Inqubo kufanele iphindwe ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-7.
Amakhambi esintu.

Izici zokucubungula izinyosi kanye nesifuba ngezikhathi ezahlukene zonyaka

Ukulwa nemikhaza ngezikhathi ezahlukene zonyaka kunezici zayo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yenziwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kodwa ukucubungula okwengeziwe kungenziwa ekwindla ukuze izinyosi zikwazi ukuchitha ubusika ngokuphepha.

Entwasahlobo

Impi esebenzayo yokulwa ne-varroa kufanele iqale ngokufika kwentwasahlobo: kungalesi sikhathi lapho inani elincane loju lihlala emakhekheni. Ukucutshungulwa kwentwasahlobo kwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

  • gwema ukuncipha kwenani lezinyosi;
  • ukulungiselela impi egcwele ehlobo, ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwezingane ezengeziwe.

Ehlobo

Ukusebenza okugcwele kwesidleke kuqinisekiswa ngokucubungula kwentwasahlobo, okungeke kulimaze impilo yezinyosi futhi ngeke kuthinte inqubo yokuqoqwa kwezinyosi. Kodwa-ke, uma ngalesi sikhathi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqeda ngokuphelele i-varroa, akazange aqashelwe ngenxa yokuhlolwa okunganele, ukucubungula kungenziwa ehlobo, okungcono kungakapheli uJuni.

I-Varroa mite. Kumele ubuke

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela

I-varroa mite iyi-parasite engabonakali engakwazi ukubhubhisa yonke indawo yezinyosi. Ukulwa nayo kuyinkqubo enzima futhi kulula kakhulu ukuvimbela ukuvela kwayo ngosizo lwezinyathelo zokuvimbela. Uhlu lwababalulekile:

Ngaphambilini
Amaqiniso anentshisekeloUmkhaza we-encephalitis ubukeka kanjani: isithombe somuntu ophethe i-parasite ye-pathology yemvelaphi yegciwane
Okulandelayo
Amaqiniso anentshisekeloZingaki izidladla ezinempukane futhi zihlelwe kanjani: yini ehlukile yemilenze yezinambuzane ezinamaphiko
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