Indlela intuthwane ebukeka ngayo: indlela isakhiwo esiqinisekisa ngayo ukusinda kwezinambuzane

Umbhali walesi sihloko
304 ukubukwa
6 imiz. ukufunda

Izinambuzane zakha ingxenye enkulu yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Bakwazi ukunqoba ubuso nokujula komhlaba, umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi, ngisho nendawo yomoya. Eminye imindeni yezinambuzane isithuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi indlela yazo yokuphila isifana kakhulu neyabantu. Mayelana nalokhu, esinye sezidalwa ezithuthuke kakhulu izintuthwane.

Obani izintuthwane

Izintuthwane zingomunye wemindeni eminingi yezinambuzane. Ziyingxenye ye-oda le-Hymenoptera futhi ziyizihlobo zezinyosi, iminyovu nama-bumblebees. Izintuthwane nazo zibhekwa njengezinye zezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ngisho nengane ngeke kube nzima ukuyikhomba.

Izintuthwane: abasizi nezilokazane.

Zibukeka kanjani izintuthwane

"Umndeni wezintuthwane" eziningi uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-14. Ngezinye izikhathi ukubonakala kwabameleli bezinhlobo ezithile kungahluka kakhulu kwezinye. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo zezulu lapho izinambuzane ezithile zihlala kuzo, kanye nendlela yazo yokuphila.

Intuthwane.

Ubude bomzimba wezintuthwane bungahluka ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-50 mm. Ingxenye eyinhloko yemiphakathi yezintuthwane yenziwe ngabantu abasebenzayo, ubude bomzimba wabo ngokuvamile busukela ku-1 kuya ku-30 ​​mm. Abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi bangaziqhayisa ngobukhulu obukhulu. Umzimba wabo ungafinyelela ubude obuyi-3,5 kuya ku-5 cm.

Umbala womzimba wezinhlobo ezahlukene ungahluka kakhulu. Imvamisa, umuntu uhlangana nezintuthwane ezinemibala emnyama noma ensundu, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zingaziqhenya ngombala ohlukile:

  • i-beige;
  • obomvu onsundu;
  • ophuzi-orange;
  • okuluhlaza okukhanyayo.

Isakhiwo somzimba wentuthwane

Ukwakheka kwezintuthwane.

Ukwakheka kwezintuthwane.

Umzimba wentuthwane uyafana ngesakhiwo nemizimba yezinye i-Hymenoptera, kodwa unezici zayo. Iminyango eyinhloko emzimbeni wentuthwane yile:

  • ikhanda;
  • isifuba;
  • isisu;
  • izitho zomzimba;
  • izitho zangaphakathi.
Inhloko
Ikhanda lentuthwane ngokuvamile linokwakheka kukanxantathu. Engxenyeni engenhla kukhona i-antennae, enesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele emhlabeni wezinambuzane. Ngosizo lwezimpondo, izintuthwane ziyakwazi ukubona iphunga, okuthandwayo, ukudlidliza okuhlukahlukene, ngisho nokunquma ukwakheka kokudla noketshezi. Futhi, ngosizo lwazo, izinambuzane zingakwazi ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, ngenxa yesimiso esikhethekile sezimpawu. Emaceleni ekhanda, izintuthwane zinamehlo amabili ahlangene, ngokuvamile angakwazi ukudlulisela isithombe esicacile ebuchosheni besinambuzane. Ukwengeza, kunamehlo amathathu alula ekhanda abasiza ukuba bahambe emkhathini. Kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala ngaphansi komhlaba, amehlo awathuthuki kahle kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ancishiswa ngokuphelele. Imihlathi yezintuthwane eziningi inamandla kakhulu. Zikulungele kahle ukuphatha nokugaya ukudla, ukuvikeleka ezitheni, kanye nokubamba inyamazane ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
Isifuba
Isifunda sesifuba sentuthwane siqukethe ingaphambili, i-meso, ne-metanotum. Ipheya elilodwa lezitho linamathele engxenyeni ngayinye yezintathu zesifuba. Kwabesifazane nabesilisa abalungele ukukhwelana, amaphiko nawo angatholakala esifubeni.
Isisu
Zonke izinhlobo zezintuthwane zifakwe kuhlelo olungaphansi lwezinambuzane ezinezisu ezinezisu. Isici esihlukile saleli qembu ukuba khona kwesiqu - ukhalo oluncane, emngceleni phakathi kwesifuba nesisu. Yisiqu esiyingxenye encane yomzimba wezintuthwane. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, udosi lungase lubekwe ekugcineni kwesisu, ngosizo izintuthwane ezijova ushevu emizimbeni yezitha noma izisulu zazo. Ubuthi bophoyizeni onjalo ngokuvamile abukho phezulu futhi bucishe bube sezingeni elifanayo nelomnyovu noma ubuthi bezinyosi.
Izimbotshana
Izintuthwane zinamapheya amathathu ezitho ezinde nezincane, ngalinye linamathele engxenyeni ehlukene yesifuba. Imilenze yalezi zinambuzane ithuthuke kahle kakhulu. Ezidlalweni kukhona amaphedi akhethekile asiza izintuthwane ukuthi zihlale endaweni eqondile. Imilenze yangaphambili yentuthwane idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Lezi zitho zihamba kakhulu futhi ziqinile. Ngosizo lwabo, isinambuzane singathwala imithwalo esindayo futhi senze imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene.
Izitho zangaphakathi
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sentuthwane asiyihlukanisi ikakhulukazi kwezinye izinambuzane. I-circulatory system iqukethe i-hemolymph ehamba ngokukhululekile emzimbeni kanye nesitho se-tubular esisebenza njengenhliziyo. Izitho zokuphefumula zihlanganisa ama-tracheae kanye nama-spiracles, atholakala esifundeni sesisu kanye ne-thoracic, futhi njengoba izintuthwane zingenawo amaphaphu, zidonsa umoya ngezimbotshana eziningi ezincane emzimbeni. Ukwakheka kwesimiso sezinzwa zentuthwane silula futhi siqukethe izinzwa ezitholakala kuwo wonke umzimba. I-supraesophageal ganglion iyinodi enkulu kunazo zonke engabhekwa njengobuchopho besinambuzane. Ngenxa yokuthi izintuthwane eziningi zihlala emakoloni amakhulu anezigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, lo mnyango uthuthuke kangcono kuzo kunezintuthwane ezifanayo.

Indlela yokuphila yezintuthwane

Iningi lezintuthwane ziyizinambuzane zomphakathi ezihlala emakoloni amakhulu ezidlekeni ezivamile. Inani lentuthwane elilodwa lingasukela emakhulwini ambalwa kuya ezigidini zabantu. Emkhayeni onjalo wezintuthwane kukhona ukuhleleka okuqinile kanye nezikhundla.

Isakhamuzi ngasinye somduli sinemisebenzi ethile kanye nemisebenzi esiyenza ngokuzibophezela. Noma yiliphi iqoqo lezinambuzane ngokuvamile lihlanganisa abantu abanjalo.

The QueenUyindlovukazi, uyisibeletho - owesifazane ovuthiwe ngokocansi, obhekene nokuzala. Uchitha cishe impilo yakhe yonke esidlekeni, egcwalisa umndeni wezintuthwane ngamalungu amasha. Isibeletho sikhulu kakhulu kunezinye izintuthwane futhi isilinganiso sokuphila kwazo sisukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwengama-20.
AbasebenziYibo abantu abaningi basesidulini. Ezimweni eziningi, laba ngabesifazane abangakwazi ukuzala, imisebenzi yabo ehlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwekoloni lonke. Banakekela amaqanda, izibungu, iziphungumangathi kanye nendlovukazi, benzela zonke izakhamuzi zesidleke ukudla, basuse indle endlini, bakhe futhi balungise isihlwathi, “baklabe” ama-aphid futhi bakhulise ngisho namakhowe.
AmasoshaEqinisweni, lezi nazo ziyizintuthwane eziyizisebenzi, kodwa umehluko owodwa - ikhanda elikhuliswe kakhulu kanye nama-mandibles. Amalungu anjalo awekho kuyo yonke imindeni, kodwa ahlanganyela ekuqapheni isidleke ezitheni nokuzingela ezinye izinambuzane. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, amasosha azovikela izintuthwane ngisho nalapho elahlekelwa ukuphila kwawo.

Indawo Yezintuthwane

Izintuthwane zingatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-permafrost zone. Indawo yabo evamile iwumswakama, amahlathi ashisayo, kodwa laba "bafana" bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kugxile kulokho izifunda zomhlaba:

  • Melika Ephakathi;
  • I-South America;
  • Afrika;
  • E-Asia.

Ngo-2013, omunye wabameleli bomndeni wezintuthwane watholakala ngisho nasensimini yaseGreenland. Kuvele ukuthi iduna lohlobo lwezintuthwane zikaFaro, ezidume kabi emhlabeni wonke njengezilokazane ezifuywayo.

Izintuthwane zigcwele yonke indawo.

Inani lezintuthwane emvelweni

Ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane ziye zajwayela ukuphila eduze kwabantu futhi zithole isihloko esithi "izinambuzane", kodwa zakha ingxenye encane yomndeni omkhulu. Iningi lalezi zinambuzane ezihlala endle azisondeli ikakhulukazi kubantu. Izintuthwane ngokuyinhloko zihlala emahlathini aluhlaza nasezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho zicatshangelwa khona amalungu abalulekile e-ecosystem futhi wenze imisebenzi eminingi ewusizo:

  • khulula inhlabathi futhi ulawule i-acidity yayo;
  • izinhlobo ezidla ezinye zilawula inani lezinye izinambuzane ngokuzidla;
  • udle izinsalela zezilwane nezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela zisheshise ukubola kwazo.

https://youtu.be/aEFn-o2ZMpQ

Izinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zezintuthwane

Umndeni wezintuthwane uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene, kodwa ezinye zazo zifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile.

intuthwane yasengadini emnyama
"Umakhelwane" odume kakhulu womuntu. Bahlomisa izidleke zabo ezingadini, izingadi zasekhishini nasemagcekeni ezindlu ezizimele. Izintuthwane zasengadini ezivame ukudala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezisemibhedeni futhi zizale izintwala.
intuthwane kaFaro
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-brownie noma intuthwane yomkhumbi. Ikhetha ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zokuhlala futhi ibhekwa njengento ephilayo ye-synanthropic.
Intuthwane ebomvu yomlilo
Isakhamuzi esincane nesiyingozi kakhulu saseNingizimu Melika. Inobuthi obunobuthi obungabulala abantu abathambekele ekwaleni.
I-Dinoponera giant
Enye yezinhlobo zezintuthwane ezinkulu kakhulu, ezihlala eNingizimu Melika. Azikho izindlovukazi emakoloni abo, futhi amaqanda abekwa ngabasebenzi besifazane abavamile, angafinyelela ubude obungu-3,3 cm.
Intuthwane yomthungi wase-Asia
Itholakala e-Australia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Ihlala kakhulu ezihlahleni futhi ihlukaniswa nombala oluhlaza ogqamile.
Intuthwane Ebomvu Egazi
Zibizwa nangokuthi izintuthwane eziyizigqila. Ihlala endaweni ye-Palearctic futhi idume ngendlela yayo yokuphila ye-parasitic. Izintuthwane ezivela ku-subgenus Serviformica zisebenza "njengezigqila" zayo.

isiphetho

Izintuthwane ziyizidalwa ezimangalisayo esezihlale emhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi ziye zavela ngenkani, zashintsha indlela yazo yokuphila nokubukeka kwazo. Imizamo yabo ayizange ibe yize futhi okwamanje, izintuthwane zibhekwa njengezinambuzane ezithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ngaphambilini
IzintuthwaneImpi enzima nezintuthwane engadini: ungayinqoba kanjani
Okulandelayo
IzintuthwaneZiyini izintuthwane: izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane aziyeki ukumangala
Супер
4
Kuyathakazelisa
1
-Indzaba
1
Izingxoxo

Buza uchwepheshe

Siyabonga!

Sizoshicilela ulwazi maduze.

Ngaphandle Kwamaphela

×