I-Blister Beetle: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuhlonza Nokulawula

Lezi zinambuzane ezihlaselayo ezingadini nasezinsimini ziqukethe ubuthi, okuthi uma budliwe, bulimaze kakhulu imfuyo. Thola mayelana nezixazululo eziphephile, zemvelo zokulawula amabhamuza okusebenzayo lapha.

Amabhungane amabhamuza ayinsimu evamile kanye nezinambuzane zasengadini ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuphuma okubangela izibazi eziwukhiphayo lapho zilimale noma zichotshoziwe. Imfihlo iqukethe into eqhumayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cantharidin, into esetshenziselwa ukwelapha izilonda ezibangelwa igciwane lengxibongo. I-Cantharidin iphumelela kakhulu ekubhubhiseni izicubu kangangokuthi isetshenziselwa ukukhipha insumpa.

I-Cantharidin inobuthi uma igwinywa. Iqhubeka kumabhungane afile isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba utshani obugaywe buyomisiwe futhi bufakwe amabhala. Amahhashi asengozini yokungenwa ushevu. Kuye ngohlobo lwesiphazamisi, amagremu amane kuya kwayisithupha ezinambuzane ezifile angabulala.

Abantu abadla izinambuzane bangalindela umonakalo omkhulu emgudwini womchamo kanye nolwelwesi lwamathumbu. Gada izingane ezifaka noma yini emlonyeni ukuze zibone izimbungulu ezingaba khona.

Ngaphezu kosongo olubangelwa ubuthi balo, leli bhungane lidala umonakalo kuzo zombili izitshalo zasengadini nasezimbonini ngokudla izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zamaqabunga, ama-inflorescences ezitshalo, izimbali zemvelo namasimu otshani.

Ayini amabhungane?

Amabhungane e-Blister (Coleoptera: Meloidae) aqanjwe ngobuthi be-cantharidin obutholakala oketshezini lwabo lomzimba, obungabangela amabhamuza esikhumbeni somuntu kanye nokuvuvukala okusongela ukuphila emahhashini nasezilwaneni.

I-Cantharidin ikhona futhi kuyimpukane yaseSpain, i-aphrodisiac eyaziwayo.

Ngezinye izikhathi amabhungane ayinkinga ezitshalweni zasensimini ezifana ne-alfalfa, i-sweet clover, i-canola, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, amazambane kanye nobhontshisi be-sugar beet.

Zidla izimbali namaqabunga ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, okuhlanganisa namalungu omndeni i-Amaranthaceae, i-Asteraceae, i-Fabaceae ne-Solanaceae, futhi ingabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezitshalo ezibuthana kuzo ngobuningi.

Amabhungane ama-Blister ayakwazi ukuhlangana futhi atholakala ngobuningi ezindaweni ezithile zensimu. Amabhungane ngokuvamile awazona izinambuzane ezimbi kakhulu futhi ngezikhathi ezithile abangela ukulimala kwezitshalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Nokho, lapho zivela ku-alfalfa nakwezinye izitshalo zokudla ezingadliwa amahhashi noma ezinye imfuyo, zingabangela ukugula okubi kakhulu noma ngisho nokufa.

Ungawabona kanjani ama-blister beetles?

Ukuhlonza kahle amabhungane aphuma kwezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane angewona ubuthi angase afane nawo, njengebhungane le-asparagus, kubalulekile ukuvikela imfuyo nokuvimbela ukulimala kwezitshalo.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-250 zamabhungane ama-blister, amalungu omndeni imiculo, esatshalaliswa kulo lonke elase-United States. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamabhungane zivamile eMpumalanga, eNingizimu naseMidwest.

Zingatholakala nasezindaweni ezinotshani eziseNtshonalanga naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga, kanye nasemasimini asogwini lwePacific.

Amabhungane amabhamuza amadala ayahluka ngosayizi nangombala. Eziningi ziyi-intshi nengxenye ukuya kweyintshi ubude, zinemizimba emide ethambile nekhanda elibanzi elinezimpondo ezakha ingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba.

I-prothorax phakathi kwekhanda nomzimba incane futhi ifana nentamo. Amaphiko athambile futhi aguquguqukayo, imilenze mide uma kuqhathaniswa.

Umbala ungaba ogqamile futhi ohlukahlukene, onemigqa noma oyisicaba. Amabhungane anebhamuza anemithunzi empunga nensundu enemigqa ephuzi egijima phezu kwezembozo zamaphiko. Ibhungane lomlotha elimpunga limpunga ngokuphelele.

Ibhamuza elimnyama limnyama ngokuphelele. Ibhungane lamabhamuza limnyama ngomugqa ompunga kuya kokhilimu emaphethelweni ephiko ngalinye.

Umnyango Wesayensi Yezitshalo waseNyuvesi yase-Illinois unemifanekiso yalezi zinhlobo ezine ezivamile (qaphela ukuthi amaphiko azo ahlangana aqine kangakanani). Nalu uhlu olunezithombe lwezibhungane ezihlukene ezitholakala eFlorida ezingatholakala kwenye indawo e-United States.

I-Biology kanye nomjikelezo wempilo

Abantu abadala baqala ukubeka amaqoqo amaqanda phakathi nokuphela kwentwasahlobo futhi baqhubeke nokubekela isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Insikazi izalela iqanda elilodwa kuya kwamakhulu amabili, ububanzi obungaphansi kwemilimitha kanye nemilimitha eyodwa kuya kwamabili ubude, ngaphansi nje kwenhlabathi. Amaqanda achanyuselwa emasontweni amabili noma ngaphansi.

Izibungu ezisafufusa ezimhlophe zinemilenze emide, eziyisebenzisela ukufuna amaqanda entethe ukuze ziwadle. Abanye bazihlanganisa nezinyosi futhi babizwa nangokuthi izintwala zezinyosi.

Zidla amaqanda futhi zigcine ukudla esidlekeni sezinyosi, zidlule ezigabeni ezengeziwe zokukhula: kusuka ku-larva kuya ku-larva engenamilenze.

Lapho isigaba se-pupal siqedwa, umuntu omdala osakhulayo uwela phansi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingaba yishumi futhi aqale ukudla izitshalo ezitshaliwe.

Abantu abadala bavakashela izimbali ukuze badle umpe, impova, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nayo yonke imbali. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane amabhamuza zidla ngisho namaqabunga.

Izibungu, ezifika esigabeni se-pupal ekwindla, zingangena ngaphansi kwenhlabathi ngqo ngaphansi kwenhlabathi.

Ngokuvamile ziphila kuze kube yizinyanga ezintathu. Abesifazane bayakwazi ukukhiqiza amaqoqo amaningi amaqanda empilweni yabo yonke.

Izibhungane zamabhamuza zilubeka kanjani usongo emfuyweni?

Imiphumela enobuthi ye-blister beetle emfuyweni, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cantharidin toxicosis, iyingozi enkulu kakhulu yamabhungane.

Inani elikhulu lamabhungane amabhamuza kanye nokugcwala okunobuthi kwe-cantharidin ku-alfalfa hay kungaba yingozi enkulu empilweni emahhashini, ezinkomeni nasezimvini, ikakhulukazi uma kuphuzwe ngobuningi.

Ngeshwa, i-cantharidin iyinhlanganisela ezinzile ehlala inobuthi emfuyweni ngisho nalapho izinsalela ezomisiwe zamabhungane abulawa ngesikhathi sokuvuna ziphakelwa ukudla.

Ukuhlasela kwe-alfalfa nolunye utshani kungabulimaza ukuze buthengiswe noma budliwe.

Abakhiqizi be-hay kanye nefolishi kufanele bathathe zonke izinyathelo zokuqapha nokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa. Amabhungane ajwayele ukuhlangana ndawonye lapho edla, okwandisa amathuba okuthi ibhali elilodwa noma amabili otshani azoba namaqoqo ezinambuzane.

Kufanele futhi uqaphele lapho uthenga utshani. Thola ukuthi ukuhlasela kwebhungane lamabhamuza kungase kube yinkinga endaweni yakini futhi uhlole lokho okuthengayo ngokucophelela.

Ayingozi kangakanani amabhungane ehhashi?

Amahhashi asengozini enkulu yokungenwa ushevu wamabhungezi. Umgudu wokugaya wehhashi ungavuvuka kakhulu, okuholela ezifweni zesibili nokopha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuze ungenwe igciwane, akudingekile ukugwinya ibhungane, njengoba utshani obungcoliswe uketshezi lomzimba lwebhungane elichotshoziwe bungaba yingozi kangako.

Leli khemikhali lehlisa izinga le-calcium egazini futhi licasula ulwelwesi lwesisu, amathumbu amancane, esinyeni, nomgudu womchamo.

Amahhashi aphathwa nge-cantharidin angase abe nezimpawu ze-colic, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwamathe, isifo sohudo, indle enegazi, ukujuluka, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukudlikizeka, nokuchama njalo.

Izilwane zingabulawa ubuthi bebhungane emahoreni angama-72, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ushayele udokotela wakho wezilwane ngokushesha nje lapho usola.

Umthamo obulalayo ubanga imfiva, ukudangala, ukushaqeka nokufa.

Ubunzima bokusabela buncike enanini le-cantharidin elimunyisiwe kanye nobukhulu nempilo yesilwane futhi lingasukela ebuthini besikhashana kuye ekuncipheni kokugaya ukudla nokufa.

Ukuhlushwa kwe-cantharidin kumabhungane kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Ezinye izinhlobo zingase zibe ne-cantharidin ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunezinye. Ukwengeza, amahhashi ayahlukahluka ekuzweleni kwawo ku-cantharidin.

Nakuba ubuthi be-cantharidin emahhashini bungakanqunywa ngokuqondile, isilinganiso esilinganiselwe esibulalayo sisukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-1 mg we-cantharidin ngamakhilogremu angu-2.2 wesisindo somzimba wehhashi.

Amabhungane amabhamuza ayingozi kanjani ezitshalweni?

Izibhungane zamabhamuza zizodla cishe noma yiliphi iqabunga elikhula engadini yakho. Zitholakala kutamatisi, amazambane, ama-eggplant, upelepele kanye neminye imifino ye-nightshade, kanye nemifino enamaqabunga.

Maphakathi nasekupheleni kwehlobo zingafika ziyimihlambi, zibonakale ngobusuku obubodwa, futhi ngenxa yobuningi bazo zidala umonakalo omkhulu ngesikhathi esifushane.

Amabhungane amabhamuza alimaza nezintethe, esinye sezinambuzane ezibhubhisa kakhulu emapulazini nasezingadini. Izibungu zebhungane ezisanda kuchanyuselwa zisebenzisa imilenze yazo ukufuna amaqoqo amaqanda entethe nokudla.

Ngalo mqondo, amabhungane angama-blister angabhekwa njengezinambuzane ezizuzisayo, kodwa kuphela esiteji sezibungu. Lapho sebekhulile, bazosala benenkinga.

Ukulwa namabhungane e-blister

Uma usola ukuthi kune-blister infestation noma ufuna ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo ukuze ukuvimbele, nazi izinto ezingu-12 ongazenza ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo amabhamuza:

Hlola njalo

Ukuhlolwa njalo nangokucophelela kwezingadi zasekhaya kungasiza kakhulu ekulawuleni umonakalo webhungane. Izinombolo zabo zikhula kancane kancane ezinyangeni zokuqala zenkathi yokukhula, futhi umlimi oqaphelayo angabavikela emonakalweni omkhulu.

Zisuse ngokushesha nje lapho usuzibona

NgoJulayi, ingadi ingase igcwale inqwaba yamabhungane amaqabunga. Ngokuvamile zisebenza ngamaqembu amakhulu, zihlangene emaphethelweni emibhede yamazambane kanye nemigqa ye-ulethisi.

Kungcono ukususa amabhungane amaningi kanye nanoma yiziphi izitshalo ezizonakalisayo ngokushesha nje lapho zitholakala nangaphambi kokuba zisakazeke.

Uma sezisunguliwe, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuqeda ngokuphelele, noma ngabe kusetshenziswa izifutho zamakhemikhali noma ezinobuthi.

Ukukha ngesandla ngamagilavu

Ukukha izandla kungasebenza kahle ezingadini zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi uma zimbalwa. Kodwa ungalokothi uthinte amabhungane e-blister ngezandla zakho. Gqoka amagilavu ​​njalo.

Susa izimbungulu ezitshalweni uzifake esitsheni esincane samanzi anensipho.

Uma uwanyakazisa ezitshalweni, amabhungane ngokuvamile alala othulini adlale i-possum kunokuba abaleke. Thatha ithuba futhi uwaqoqe ngokucophelela.

Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba kwe-Diatomaceous

Nciphisa ububanzi bebhungane nezinombolo ngokusabalalisa umhlaba we-diatomaceous eduze kwezitshalo ezisengozini noma ukuwusebenzisa njengesithiyo emibhedeni ephakanyisiwe noma kwezinye izindawo ezincane.

I-lime ephuma kumagobolondo e-oyster ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesithiyo, kodwa ayisona isixosha ibhungane futhi isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengesixosha. (Lokhu kuyasiza futhi ekugcineni inhlabathi pH efanele.)

Nciphisa utshani nokhula

Ukuhlasela kwamabhungane amabhamuza kuvame ukwenzeka emaphethelweni ezivande noma ezitshalweni ezizungezile. Nciphisa utshani, ukhula nokunye okumila emaphethelweni engadi yakho ukuze ususe izindawo lapho kungase kuqale ukukhula khona.

Sebenzisa amakhava emigqa

Amakhava emigqa anamathiselwe kahle angavikela izitshalo zakho kumabhungane afudukayo phakathi nokuphela kwehlobo. Ngeke bavimbe abantu abadala besizini yokuqala ukuthi bangene kakhulu emhlabathini njengezibungu zasesiteji sekwephuzile.

Wasebenzise uma ubona amaqoqo ezibhungane (noma uwalindele) ngaphakathi naseduze kwengadi yakho kulo Julayi.

Gwema ukukhula ukhula oluthile

Ingulube (Izinhlobo ze-Amaranthus). ezikhangayo kakhulu amabhungane abadala. Kususe ngokuphelele endaweni yakho. Khuthaza omakhelwane bakho ukuba benze okufanayo. Utshani bensimbi (I-Vernonia spp.) kanye ne-ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) Ngizodweba namabhungane.

Khuthaza izinyoni ukuthi zivakashele

Izinyoni zizokha amabhungane e-blister ngqo ezitshalweni zakho. Bakhuthaze ukuthi beze bazodla engadini yakho. Bahloniphe futhi ungasebenzisi izifutho noma amakhemikhali angabalimaza.

Sebenzisa i-biopesticide

Uma ukucosha ngesandla kungasizi ukwehlisa izinombolo zabo, sebenzisa izifutho eziqukethe i-Spinosad, isibulala-zinambuzane esohlwini lwe-OMRI esibulala abantu abaphakathi kuka-24 no-48.

I-Spinosad ihlehla ibe izithako zayo ezingasebenzi phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili noma ngaphezulu lapho ichayeke elangeni, ivimbele ukuthi ingangeni emanzini.

Ayinabuthi ezinyonini noma ezinhlanzini, kodwa ingase ilimaze izinyosi zoju lapho isetshenziswa okokuqala. Funda imiyalelo yelebula yomkhiqizo kanye nesicelo sesikhathi ngokufanele.

Susa izintethe

Izintethe ziheha amabhungane amabhamuza, izibungu ezidla amaqanda entethe. Lawula izintethe ngokusebenzisa i-Semaspore Bait noma eminye imikhiqizo yemvelo yokulawula intethe.

Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu otshanini obutshalwe ukuze budliwe. Ukuba khona kwezintethe ezitshalweni zokudla kungase kubonise izigaba zokuqala zokuhlaselwa kwamabhamuza.

Qhubeka ngokuqapha

Imikhiqizo eminingi yokulawula ifolishi notshani, kuhlanganise nokufafaza, ayikwazi ukuqeda ngokuphelele izinambuzane noma usongo ezilubekayo. Bheka amasimu akho, ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni, futhi usule noma yiziphi izindawo lapho kuvela khona amabhungane.

Lapho wenza utshani, gwema ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-hay tong, engachoboza izinambuzane. Uma ubona amabhungane emasimini akho, vumela utshani obunqunyiwe buhlale izinsuku ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukuze bubanike isikhathi sokulahla utshani.

Ukusikwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi esithathwe ngaphambi kokuba amabhungane ande ngamanani ngokuvamile aphephile kunesikiwe esithathwe kamuva ngenkathi.

Qaphela lapho uthenga hay

Lapho uthenga utshani, kungcono ukuthola umkhiqizi onedumela elihle. Ngisho nokuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwamabhali nama-flakes kungase kungavezi izingozi ezifihliwe.

Mazi kahle umlimi wakho ukuze umethembe lapho ebuza ngezimpawu zamabhungane ezitshalweni zakhe. Impendulo engcono kakhulu ithi cha.