Okuqukethwe
Imvukuzane ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Isilinganiso sokuphila kwemvukuzane iminyaka engu-4-5, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi singafinyelela eminyakeni engu-7. Kodwa-ke, ukufa kwemvelo kuma-moles akuvamile ngenxa yokuncintisana kwendawo, ukuchayeka ezifweni kanye nemisebenzi yabantu, okuthinta kabi inani labantu.
Umbuzo wesikhathi sokuphila kwama-moles uyathakazelisa, ngoba ukuphila kwawo ngaphansi komhlaba kwenza kube nzima ukuwabona. Izimvukuzane zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amasimu, izimfunda, amahlathi, izingadi zemifino namasimu ezithelo, kodwa kunzima ukuzibona.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwama-moles yizimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngakho-ke, bavame ukuhlala eduze nezingadi nezingadi zemifino, okudala ukungqubuzana nabantu. Imvukuzane ibheka izitshalo ezitshalwa ezitshalweni njengempahla yazo. Baqoqa izitshalo futhi badale izindawo zokugcina ebusika, bazigcine, isibonelo, ezindaweni zokugcina ngaphansi komhlaba.
Lezi zilwane ziphoqeleka ukuthi zidle njalo ngenxa yobukhulu obulinganiselwe besisu sazo. Ukuntuleka kokudla kungaholela ekufeni kwabo ngokushesha.
Imvukuzane izidalwa ezongayo. Ihlobo lilula kubo njengoba kunokuningi kokudla kwezilwane okutholakala njengezinambuzane, izikelemu kanye neminenke. Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, lapho ukudla kuntuleka, amavukuzane aphendukela ezindaweni ezizigcinile ezigcinwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile.
Nokho, naphezu kwekhono labo lokonga imali, abantu bavame ukusabela kabi kumavukuzane. Esikhundleni sokubabaza la mandla esilwane esiziqongelelayo angaqondakali, abantu basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze basibhubhise. Bagcwalisa imigodi ngamanzi besebenzisa i-drill, babeke izicupho futhi basebenzise ubuthi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphila kwemvukuzane kuvame ukufinyezwa. Izifo nazo zisongela ukuphila kwazo, njengoba amavukuzane engenwa izifo ezihlukahlukene. Bangalinyazwa yi-helminths nezinambuzane ze-parasitic.
Naphezu kwazo zonke izingozi, amavukuzane ahlala ezindaweni ezibanzi, kusukela eYurophu kuya eNyakatho Melika, ehlanganisa i-Asia. Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zidalwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuthukululeni inhlabathi. Umsebenzi wabo ukhuthaza ukutholakala komoyampilo okungcono ezimpandeni zezitshalo endaweni ezizungezile, kukhuthaze ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwazo. Isivuno ezindaweni lapho imvukuzane ihlala khona ngokuvamile iba phezulu, ngaphandle kwalapho icubungula ingxenye engcono kakhulu yesitshalo bese iyibeka ezindaweni zazo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuntshontsha ugalikhi, banekhono kakhulu kule ndaba!
Imvukuzane idlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezemvelo lweplanethi yethu futhi kubalulekile ukuyilondoloza, njengezinye izilwane. Ukuqothulwa okungenangqondo kwama-moles ngabantu kungaholela ekwandeni kwenani labantu be-mollusks ehlukahlukene, izibungu nezinambuzane eziyingozi. Ngenxa yalokho, umbuzo uzophakama mayelana nokuthi ubani olimaza izingadi zemifino kanye nezihlahla zezithelo - ama-moles noma lezi zinambuzane. Imvelo yemvelo ixhumene eduze, futhi amavukuzane adlala indima yawo kulo mgudu wokuphila oyinkimbinkimbi, aphila iminyaka engu-4 kuya kwemi-5.
Indlela yokuphila yemvukuzane
Ama-moles avame ukuqhathaniswa namagundane, kodwa anomehluko obalulekile: ama-moles awanawo umhlathi onamandla njengamagundane, ngakho-ke akhetha izindawo ezinomhlabathi othambile ukuthi angakwazi ukumba ngezidladla zawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-moles angakwazi ukubhukuda futhi awele imifula emincane, okufakazelwa yimigudu engaphansi komhlaba ephazanyiswa phambi kwamadamu futhi iqhubeke ngemva kwayo. Kodwa-ke, ama-moles awavamile ukubonakala phezulu, futhi ngisho nalapho evela, aziphatha ngendlela engavamile, njengoba engaboni ngokuphelele futhi ayijwayele indawo engaphandle kwemigudu yawo. Yingakho benyakaza ngokukhasa. Ukubona kwabo kunqunyelwe kuphela umehluko phakathi kokukhanya nobumnyama.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zama-moles zihlanganisa:
- Isikhumba esicwebezelayo esinoboya obufushane obumnyama.
- I-proboscis emide enamakhala ngezansi.
—Izidladla zangaphambili ezinkulu, ezimise okwefosholo, izintende zibheke phezulu.
- Imilenze yangemuva emincane, engakhulanga kahle.
— Amehlo amancane angaboni kahle.
- Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-110 kuya ku-170 millimeters nesisindo sisuka ku-60 kuya ku-150 amagremu.
- Umsila omfushane.
Imvukuzane enhle ezandleni zendoda
Umjikelezo wempilo wama-moles uhlanganisa:
- Ezisikazi zizala amazinyane afinyelela kwamane kusukela ngoNhlolanja kuya kuNhlaba.
- Ukunakekelwa kwamawundlu, okuthatha amasonto ayisishiyagalolunye, lapho akhula abe madala.
- Ukwakhiwa komndeni omusha ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi.
Izimvukuzane zichitha isikhathi esiningi sezimpilo zazo zodwa, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Awavamile ukushintsha indawo yawo yokuhlala futhi agxile ohlelweni olulodwa lomhubhe. Ama-moles asebenzisa izindlala ze-musk ukuheha abalingani kanye nezisulu. Ukuze ziphile, zidinga ukudla izikelemu eziningi, futhi uma ukufinyelela kuzo kusongelwa ukuncipha, zandisa uhlelo lwazo lomhubhe. Le mihubhe ingaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ubude futhi iza ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukudla kanye nezindlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-moles adinga amanzi, ngakho adala amaphaseji aholela emanzini.
Izindawo zokuhlala zemvukuzane nezinhlobo zazo
Umndeni wemvukuzane uthanda ukuhlala emahlathini avundile namaqabunga abanzi. Nokho, zaziwa nangokuthi ziyizitha zabalimi, njengoba ukufuna kwazo inyamazane ngokuvamile kuziyisa emasimini nasemasimini lapho kuhlala khona iminyundu nezinye izinambuzane. Amanethiwekhi angaphansi komhlaba emigudu yemvukuzane angabangela izinkinga ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuphazamiseka kwezwe kanye nokunqwabelana, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo eziningi. Imvukuzane ithanda inhlabathi evundile futhi igwema izindawo ezinama-peaty noma eziyisihlabathi.
Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwama-moles ezingadini zemifino nasezindaweni zasengadini nakho kungaba yinzuzo. Zixegisa inhlabathi, ziyenze ithambe futhi ibe nomswakama kakhulu, futhi zisiza ekunciphiseni inani lezinambuzane ezilimaza izitshalo. Izimvukuzane, naphezu komsebenzi wazo ngaphansi komhlaba, azidli izitshalo nezimpande ekudleni kwazo.
Ngakho-ke, izindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko zama-moles zihlanganisa:
- Amadlelo.
- Amahlathi, ikakhulukazi izihlahla ezincane ze-birch namakhophi amaqabunga.
- Ukuhlanza.
— Izindawo eziseduze nemigwaqo.
- Iziza zengadi.
- Amapaki edolobha.
Izimvukuzane zithanda izindawo ezithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi futhi ziqukethe inala yokudla njengezikelemu, ama-grubs nezinambuzane. Okunye okubalulekile wumswakama ophakathi nendawo. Izimvukuzane zigwema amahlathi aminyene, amahlathi kaphayini, amaxhaphozi nezindawo ezinezimpande eziqinile zezitshalo. Ukukhetha indawo yokuhlala nakho kuncike ezimweni zezulu, izinguquko zonyaka kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Adlani amavukuzane futhi adlani?
Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi benesithakazelo ekudleni kwama-moles, futhi imiphumela yocwaningo ithole ukuthi ukudla kwama-moles kuvela ezilwaneni kuphela. Imicu yezitshalo ingangenwa amavukuzane ngephutha noma ngokudla kwezilwane njengezikelemu. Nokho, ngisho noma ukudla kwezitshalo kungena emzimbeni wemvukuzane, ayikwazi ukugayeka, futhi imane idlule kuyo.
Ukuze afune ukudla, amavukuzane amba imigudu emisha, ikakhulukazi lapho umthombo wokudla ezindaweni ezindala usuphelile. Uma kukhona ukushoda kwenyamazane evamile, njengezibungu, izinambuzane nezibungu, ama-moles angadla ama-vertebrates amancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namaxoxo namagundane.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wawo oqhubekayo ngaphansi komhlaba, ama-moles achitha amandla amakhulu futhi adinga ukudla okuningi ukuze alulame. Bane-metabolism ephezulu futhi bangadla ukudla okunesisindo esingaphezu kwesisindo sabo (amagremu angama-70-140) usuku lonke. Uma imvukuzane ilambile kakhulu, ingadla inyamazane, njengesibungu, ngokuphelele ebusweni bomhlaba, kodwa ngokulamba okulinganiselwe, inyamazane iyiswa emgodini futhi idliwe lapho.
Ama-moles ane-metabolism enhle kakhulu, ewavumela ukuthi agaye ukudla ngokushesha okukhulu. Isibonelo, bangakwazi ukugaya amagremu angu-50 okudla ngemizuzu engu-30 nje, naphezu kokuthi isisu sabo singabamba amagremu angu-20 kuphela. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-4-6 balungele ukudla okulandelayo, futhi phakathi kokuphakelayo kuvame ukuphuka ngendlela yezikhathi ezifushane zokulala.
Ebusika, ama-moles awasebenzi futhi awabi kakhulu, njengoba emba kancane futhi asebenzise amandla amancane.
Ukuze kuqiniswe izinto zasebusika, ama-moles angakwazi ukubamba izibungu futhi alume amakhanda azo kuphela, azishiye zinganyakazi kodwa ziphila. Lezi zibungu “ezingakwazi ukuhamba” zibe sezibekwa emigqeni eduze kwezindonga zamaphaseji azo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-moles adinga ukufinyelela emanzini, ngakho-ke ahlale ekhetha izindawo zokuhlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-moles
Ukuvundiswa kwama-moles wesifazane kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-April noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, futhi isikhathi sokukhulelwa singamaviki angu-5-6. Ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane ngamunye uzala izingane ezingu-5-6. Ngokuvamile, owesifazane oyedwa unomkhawulo kudoti owodwa phakathi nonyaka, kodwa kwezinye izindawo, njengaseBelarus, ama-litter amabili angenzeka.
Amazinyane emvukuzane andliwa ngunina amasonto ama-4. Njengoba ikhula, intsha iba nolaka komunye nomunye. Lapho beneminyaka engaba ngu-2 izinyanga baqala ukuphila ngendlela ezimele.
Ukuhlaliswa kwabantu abaningi imvukuzane kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kukaJulayi futhi kuqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Le nqubo iyashesha, njengoba intsha ingakwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esingamamitha angu-5 ngomzuzu, futhi emahoreni angu-20 iyakwazi ukumboza ibanga elingamamitha angu-650. Abantu abadala bangahamba ngokushesha nakakhulu, bafinyelele isivinini esingafika kumamitha angu-50 ngemizuzu engu-20.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zama-moles atholakala eRussia:
1. Imvukuzane yaseYurophu (i-Talpa europaea) iwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu oluhlala endaweni yehlathi engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Lolu hlobo lwemvukuzane lubhekwa njengelikhulu kunawo wonke, ubude bomzimba wabo bungafinyelela amasentimitha angu-27 nesisindo - 320 amagremu. Izinwele ezisemsileni zisetshenziselwa ukuthinta, okuvumela ama-moles ukuthi ahambe aye emuva ngaphakathi kwemigudu yawo.
2. Imvukuzane ye-Altai (i-Talpa altaica) - itholakala ikakhulukazi eSiberia. Lolu hlobo lungolwesibili ngosayizi ngemuva kolwaseYurophu, lufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20 ubude futhi lunesisindo esingamagremu angama-230. Iimvukuzane ze-Altai zinamehlo avulekile, okunzima ukuwabona eboyeni bawo obukhulu.
3. Imvukuzane encane (Talpa levantis) - ihlala eCiscaucasia naseCaucasus. Lolu hlobo luncane kakhulu phakathi kwama-moles, ubude bomzimba wabo abudluli amasentimitha angu-11 futhi isisindo sawo singamagremu angu-30. Ama-moles amancane awadli izikelemu zomhlaba, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-moles.
4. Imvukuzane yaseCaucasian (i-Talpa caucasica) - nayo ihlala eCaucasus naseCiscaucasia. Lolu hlobo luhlukile kwe-karyotype equkethe ama-chromosome angama-38, ngokungafani nama-34 noma angama-36 kwezinye izinhlobo. Ubukhulu bomzimba buyisilinganiso, ubude bufika ku-14 amasentimitha kanye nesisindo esingama-40 kuya ku-100 amagremu. Lolu hlobo aluvikelekile kahle, ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlobo ezitholakala entshonalanga yeGeorgia.
Ngaphambilini