Indiza “CC” ibukeka kanjani: isithombe nencazelo yosongo olunamaphiko oluvela e-Afrika
I-tsetse fly iyisinambuzane esibonakala singenangozi, kodwa ngokungangabazeki singabalwa phakathi kwezitha zesintu ezingabhubhi. Ukulunywa kwayo kungambulala kalula umuntu, futhi abalimi bayesaba ukuthuthukisa iziza zezolimo eduze nendawo abahlala kuyo.
Okuqukethwe
Umsuka wohlobo kanye nencazelo yempukane ye-tsetse
I-Tsetse ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo zasendulo zezinambuzane. Kutholwe izimpukane emibhedeni yezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi eColorado, ezabekwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-34 edlule. I-Tsetse ichaza "indiza" ngezilimi zesiTswana nezabantu.
Ukubukeka kanye nezici zesakhiwo sesinambuzane
Ihlala kuphi impukane?
Izimpukane zesimanje ze-tsetse zihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuphela.
Idlani i-tsetse fly?
Isilokazane sidla igazi kuphela. Izisulu zayo zingasendle, imfuyo kanye nabantu. Lapho ifuna ukudla, indizela amabanga amafushane lapho ikhangwe isilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Ngokuvamile, izilwane ezinkulu ze-artiodactyl - izinyamazane, izinyathi, kanye nonogwaja, ukuqapha izibankwa, izingwenya, nezinyoni ezihlukahlukene.
Isinambuzane siyakwazi ukuphuza uketshezi olulingana nesisindo saso; ngesikhathi sokuncelisa, isisu saso sanda kakhulu.
Ukuzala kanye nomjikelezo wempilo ye-tsetse fly
Ngokungafani nezinambuzane eziningi, izimpukane zase-Afrika aziwabeki amaqanda, kodwa ziwathwala esikhwameni esikhethekile. Izinambuzane zihlangana kanye kuphela, izibungu nazo zikhula esisodwa ngesikhathi. Lapho zisesibelethweni, zidla uketshezi lwedlala elikhethekile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine yesibungu, owesifazane udinga ukudla oku-3. Ngisho nokushoda kancane komsoco kuholela ekuphuphumeni kwesisu. Isibungu sikhula emzimbeni kamama amasonto angu-1-2, ngemva kwalokho siyazalwa, futhi insikazi iyaqhubeka nokuzala isibungu cishe ngezikhathi zezinsuku ezingu-9 kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwayo. Phakathi nokuphila kwayo, insikazi izala abantu abasha abangu-8-10.
Ngemva kokuzalwa, ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, isibungu singena emhlabathini, lapho siphuphuma khona. Lesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa sithatha amasonto angu-3-4.
Iningi lomjikelezo wempilo ye-tsetse isimo sabantu abadala. Phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-12-14, impukane encane iyavuthwa, bese ikhwelana futhi, uma kuyinsikazi, ibeka isibungu sayo sokuqala. Abantu abadala baphila cishe izinyanga ezingu-6-7.
Isakhiwo somphakathi nendlela yokuphila ye-tsetse fly
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-tsetse fly
Izinhlobo zezinambuzane zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu ama-3.
Yini i-tsetse fly eyingozi
I-Tsetse ithathwa njengenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ithwala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane - i-revolver ne-trypanosomiasis. I-agent ebangela izifo yi-protozoa, engena emzimbeni wempukane ngesikhathi sokudla igazi lesilwane esinegciwane.
Esiswini sempukane, ama-parasites ayaphindaphindeka, futhi lapho elunyiwe, adluliselwa kulowo oyisisulu kanye namathe alesi sinambuzane.
Isifo se-Nagan ezilwaneni
Izilwane zingenwa yilesi sifo, ngokuvamile izinkomo, amahhashi nezingulube zitheleleka. Ungalivikela ipulazi uma ugomela izilwane i-trypanosomiasis, kodwa akubona bonke abafuyi bezinkomo abanethuba lokugoma amakhulu amaningana amakhanda. Ukuze ugweme ukuhlaselwa kwe-tsetse emfuyweni, kunconywa ukuthi udle ebusuku.
Izimpawu zokutheleleka yilezi:
- ukwanda kwenani lokuphuphuma kwezisu;
- ukukhathala okujwayelekile, ukwehla kokusebenza;
- ukuvuvukala emazoloni, ezithweni nasezithweni zangasese;
- ukuphuma kwamanzi emehlweni nasemakhaleni;
- umkhuhlane
- ukwehla kwezinga nenani lobisi nenyama.
Izilwane ezifuywayo ezingaba yizigidi ezi-3 zibulawa ama-revolver njalo ngonyaka.
Isifo sokulala
I-ejenti eyimbangela yokugula kokulala yi-trypasonoma - iyisilwane esihlukumezayo, esinengqamuzana elilodwa, ama-microns angu-20-30 ngosayizi. Isifo sokulala singatholakala kuphela ngokulunywa yizinambuzane.
Lesi sifo sithinta kakhulu isimiso sezinzwa somuntu kanye namasosha omzimba.
Ngemuva kokulunywa, ukuvuvukala okuveziwe okunobubanzi obungu-1-2 cm kwakhiwa endaweni yesilonda, ngengcindezi lapho ubuhlungu buzwakala khona. Kamuva, ama-chancres akheka ezandleni nasezinyaweni zomuntu, ngaphandle afane namathumba. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, bayaphola bese kuba nezibazi endaweni yabo.
Ezinye izimpawu zesifo sokulala:
- ubuhlungu emisipha namalunga;
- imfiva nomkhuhlane;
- ukuqwasha, ukudideka;
- ukuba ndikindiki kwemilenze, ukungasebenzi kahle.
Izinhlobo zokugula kokulala
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-trypanosomiasis: i-Afrika kanye neLatin America. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Afrika ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-2.
| Uhlobo lwesifo | Izimpawu zesici |
|---|---|
| Isifo sokulala saseNtshonalanga Afrika (Gambian). | I-vector yayo yi-Glossina palpalis. Lesi sifo sibonakala ngenkambo ende, senzeka ngezikhathi ezi-2. Eyokuqala ibonakala ngenkambo ecashile, ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezibucayi. Ngokuvamile, umuntu uphathwa yikhanda, umkhuhlane omncane, nokuqubuka okuncane kuvela esikhumbeni. Inkambo ecashile iholela eqinisweni lokuthi lesi sifo sihlala singapheli, lapho izimpawu zivela khona kakhulu, isimiso sezinzwa siqala ukuwa. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuthuthumela kwemilenze, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukukhubazeka kwenzeka, isiguli asikwazi ukulwa nokozela, futhi kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ubude balesi sigaba sesifo yizinyanga ezingu-7-8. |
| Ifomu laseMpumalanga (Rheodesian). | Ibonakala ngenkambo esheshayo nezimpawu ezibucayi. Njengomthetho, ukufa kwenzeka ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-6. I-ejenti eyimbangela ithinta inhliziyo nobuchopho bomuntu. Umthwali walesi sifo iGlossina morsitan. |
Ukwelashwa kwezifo zokulala
Lesi sifo selashwa ngempumelelo kuphela esigabeni sokuqalalapho isimiso sezinzwa singathinteki. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izidakamizwa ezikhethekile, isenzo esihloselwe ukubhujiswa kwe-pathogen - i-pentamidine ne-suramin. Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo esigabeni sesibili kunzima, ngenxa yalokhu basebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinamandla ezibonisa imiphumela emibi - ukukhuphuka komfutho wegazi, i-arrhythmia, isicanucanu nokuhlanza.
Ubunkimbinkimbi bokwelashwa kungenxa yekhono le-parasite-causative agent ehlala iguquka futhi ithuthukise ukumelana nezingxenye ezisebenzayo zemithi.
Izindlela zokulawula impukane
Phakathi neminyaka edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulawula impukane.
| Umhlaba oshile | Ukuze kuqedwe izinambuzane, bacekela phansi yonke imfuyo, igazi alondlayo. Ekuqaleni, le ndlela yabonisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kodwa kamuva kwavela ukuthi umcimbi wawungenamsebenzi: i-tsetse idla igazi lezilwane ezincane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni. |
| Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi | Indlela ifana neyangaphambili: abantu bazama ukuphuca isinambuzane izimo zaso ezivamile zokuphila ngethemba lokuthi inani labantu lizoqala ukufa. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabonakala ukuthi le ndlela yenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuhle. |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali. | Izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-zinambuzane zafuthwa ezindaweni ezihlala i-tsetse ngosizo lwezindiza. Le misebenzi ayizange ilethe umphumela olindelekile. |
| Izicupho | Ukuze kwenziwe izicupho, kusetshenziswa isikhumba esimnyama sezinkomo noma indwangu egcwele iphunga lezilwane - umchamo noma udalwe ngokwenziwa, ukulingisa ukuphefumula. Indlela isiza ukunciphisa inani lama-tsetse, kodwa ngale ndlela awukwazi ukuqothula wonke umuntu. Ama-baits anjalo angasetshenziswa ukuvikela abantu nezilwane, kuhle ukuzibeka eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala nasemasimini. |
| Ukuvala inzalo kwabesilisa | Abesilisa babulawa inzalo ngemisebe bese bededelwa endaweni yemvelo. Ngemva kokukhwelana, izinsikazi azikwazi ukubeka amaqanda avundisiwe, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani labantu. Indlela ikhombise ukusebenza kahle kakhulu eZanzibar. Kodwa-ke, ukungabikho komgoqo wamanzi nezinye izifundazwe kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi abesilisa abanempilo bawela endaweni futhi izimpukane zazala futhi. Njengamanje, le ndlela ibhekwa njengephumelela kakhulu, kodwa kuphela kulezo zifunda ezizungezwe amanzi. |
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindlela ezi-3 zokugcina kuzosiza ekubhubhiseni inani lezinambuzane, kodwa lokhu kudinga isikhathi esiningi.
Izitha zemvelo ze-tsetse fly emvelweni
Ngokwemvelo, i-Tsetse ayinazo izitha zemvelo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zingase zisebenzise ukudla kwazo, kodwa hhayi ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa kunalokho kungabikho okunye ukudla. Isitha esikhulu sempukane ngumuntu ofuna ukuyibhubhisa ngezizathu ezisobala.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo ze-tsetse fly
Indawo yokuhlala ye-parasite icishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-10 km2. Lona okuthiwa ugwadule oluluhlaza. Imvamisa, inhlabathi evundile itholakala kule ndawo, engasetshenziswa kuphela ngenxa yokuba khona kwezimpukane ze-tsetse.
Iningi lezifunda lapho ama-tsetse ehlala khona angaphansi komugqa wobumpofu, futhi izinga lokuphila kulawa mazwe libhekwa njengeliphansi kakhulu emhlabeni. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, uhlelo oluhlangene beluthuthukisa izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane, kodwa zonke izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zisebenza kahle kuphela.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana ne-tsetse fly nokulunywa kwayo
I-Tsetse iyinambuzane esabekayo isintu esingakwazi ukusisusa amakhulu eminyaka, futhi nentuthuko yesimanje ayikwazi ukusiza ekuxazululeni lolu daba. Kunamaqiniso amaningana athakazelisayo ahlotshaniswa nalesi sinambuzane kanye nokulunywa kwaso okuzoba usizo ukwazi:
- Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sinambuzane akufanele sibhujiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, ummeli wezilwane zasendle, uBernhard Grzimek, ukholelwa ukuthi impukane ivikela imvelo engakathintwa ekungeneni kwempucuko.
- Izimpukane aziwahlaseli amadube, ngoba umbala wawo omnyama nomhlophe uyanyakaza emehlweni awo, kodwa ngokuvamile ahlasela injini yemoto, acabange ukuthi isilwane esinegazi elifudumele.
- Babalelwa ku-30 abantu abafa minyaka yonke e-Afrika ngenxa ye-Tsetse.
- Lesi zinambuzane sindiza buthule, yingakho saqanjwa ngokuthi “usongo oluthule”.