Iyini impukane - iyinambuzane noma cha: i-dossier ephelele "ku-buzzing pest"

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Impukane yahlangatshezwa cishe yibo bonke abantu emhlabeni. Bahlala emhlabeni wonke, lapho isimo sezulu singafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-10-15. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zalaba bameleli. Banezici zabo siqu, isakhiwo, umjikelezo wokuphila, ukudla nokunye.

Okuqukethwe

Impukane enjani
Zibukeka kanjani izinambuzane (izimpukane)?
Zihlala kuphi izimpukane
Ukuhlukaniswa nezinhlobo zezimpukane, kuye ngokudla
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zezimpukane
Indima ye-Diptera ku-ecology: yiziphi izinzuzo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpukane

Impukane enjani

Impukane ingenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezihlukaniswa nezici zazo eziyingqayizivele. Ummeleli we-Diptera ungowohlobo lwe-arthropods. Ubude bomzimba wabo bungahluka kakhulu kusuka kumamilimitha kuya ku-2 amasentimitha. Umjikelezo wempilo nawo uncike ohlotsheni. Isikhathi sokuphila sesikhathi eside esiphila phakathi kwezimpukane asidluli izinyanga ezintathu.

Bahlala engxenyeni enkulu yeplanethi. Ngenxa yokuzikhethela kwemvelo, lezi zidalwa aziwugcwalisi umhlaba wonke. Ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwemvelo, izimpukane eziningi zingavela eMhlabeni ngonyaka owodwa kangangokuthi zingase zihlanganise yonke iplanethi cishe ngamasentimitha ambalwa. Ezinye zidla inyama ebolile noma inyama, umpe noma izitshalo.

Laba bameleli banesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sombono. Iso labo elilodwa lihlanganisa amakhulu ambalwa noma izinkulungwane zamehlo amancane, ahlanganiswe abe isithombe esisodwa esivamile. Lokhu kuvumela izimpukane ukuthi zihambe kahle, futhi zithole ukubona cishe yonke indawo. Indlela ezidla ngayo ayihlukile kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo. Ezinye izimpukane zidla yonke into eziyibonayo, zibizwa ngama-polyphage.

Zibukeka kanjani izinambuzane (izimpukane)?

Laba abameleli banamaphiko amabili. Ngosizo lwazo, ziyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu ukuze zibambe inyamazane futhi zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngaphezu kwamaphiko, banama-fenders alawula i-angle yokujikeleza, futhi ikuvumela ukuba uhlale emoyeni endaweni eyodwa.

Ikhanda linomumo oyindilinga. Inamehlo awuhlobo lwe-facet. Ukubona kwabo, ngenxa yamakhulu amehlo amancane, kuhlanganiswe kube isithombe esisodwa. Sekukonke, impukane, njengezilwane eziningi, inamehlo amabili.

Imishini yomlomo iwuhlobo lokumunca. Ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili zezingxenye ezingena ekudleni. Ezinhlotsheni ezidla inyama noma okunye okuqinile, izingxenye zomlomo zishintshwa kancane. Ithuthuke kakhulu futhi inamapuleti akhethekile akuvumela ukuthi ulume esikhumbeni sezilwane uma zidla igazi.

Izinambuzane zinamapheya amathathu ezitho. Zisebenza njengesisekelo nesisekelo sokunyakaza. Ezidlalweni kunezinkomishi zokumunca ezengeziwe ezivumela izimpukane zihambe eduze kwezindonga nezinye izithiyo. Emzimbeni wonke kukhona izinwele ezenza umsebenzi wokuthinta. Izidladla nazo zidlala indima yokuthinta nokuhogela. Ngenxa yazo, impukane iyakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi hlobo luni lokudla oluphambi kwayo.

Zihlala kuphi izimpukane

Indawo yabo yokuhlala inkulu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo yizimo zokushisa, okufanele zibe phakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-45 degrees. Ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, lapho kunesimo sezulu esihle, kanye nomswakama ophansi.

Bakhetha kakhulu amapulazi, amakotishi nezinye izindawo lapho izilwane zihlala khona. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nezinambuzane ezindaweni ezineqhwa, njenge-Antarctica nezinye. Lapho azikwazi ukuzala futhi zinyakaze ngendlela evamile. Ebusika, izinambuzane zilala embhedeni bese zilinda ukuqala kokushisa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kwenzeka futhi ngokwezinhlobo zezimpukane ngokwazo. Isibonelo, izimpukane ezivamile zikhetha ukuhlala ezindlini zabantu, kukhona ukudla okuningi nokufudumala kwazo. Inyama, i-carrion, ubulongwe nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezinenqwaba yezilwane kanye nemfucuza yazo, lapho zingazala khona futhi zidle.

Ukuhlukaniswa nezinhlobo zezimpukane, kuye ngokudla

Ibukeka kanjani impukane. Izimpukane ziyehluka ekudleni kwazo. Kungaba okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Kuya ohlotsheni lwempukane. Kungasukela ekudleni kwabantu kuye enyameni yezilwane ebolile kanye nemfucuza yezilwane.

Izigaba ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa:

i-coprophages;
i-hematophagous;

ama-necrophages;
ama-nectarophages;

afagi;
izimpukane ezinhlobonhlobo.

i-coprophages

Akuyona inhlobo ephawuleka kakhulu ekuhlukeni kwayo. Uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, lezi yizona ezithandwa kakhulu. I-Coprophages ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: isibopho kanye ne-facultative.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqala zingadla udoti wezilwane, kanye nabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukudla amajusi ahlukahlukene avela ezitshalweni. Izinhlobonhlobo zesibili zihlukile kweyokuqala ngokuthi ngaphezu kokumosha, zidla nokudla okujwayelekile komuntu.

I-Hematophagous

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo, ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Ukulunywa kwabo kungabangela ukucasuka, ububomvu, futhi kubangele nokugula okukhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa izifo ezifana ne-anthrax, i-diphtheria, isifo sohudo, isifo sofuba, nezinye izifo zamathumbu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi laba bameleli badla igazi lezilwane noma abantu abahlukahlukene. Ngemva kokuba isinambuzane siphuze igazi lesilwane esigulayo, ngokuzenzekelayo siba umthwali wesifo esiyingozi. Izidalwa ezinjalo akufanele zithathwe kancane. Uma impukane ilume, futhi ukuluma kubuhlungu njengokungathi kwenziwa esinye isinambuzane esikhudlwana, khona-ke udinga ukufuna usizo ngokushesha kochwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, laba bameleli bahlala emazweni ambalwa, kanye nalapho isimo sezulu sishisa khona. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu yilezi: i-tsetse fly, ezinye izikhonkwane zasekwindla.

Ama-Necrophages

Lokhu kuhlanganisa nezimpukane ezidla inyama efile yezilwane. Ngemva kokufa kwesilwane, izimpukane zishwibeka phezu kwaso futhi zisidle. Abanye babo bayakwazi ukubeka amaqanda esidumbu, kanti izibungu zidla izinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu yizimpukane. Isakhiwo sabo sezinto ezisetshenziswa ngomlomo sihluke kancane kokujwayelekile. Njengoba badinga ukuluma esikhumbeni sezilwane. Izinambuzane ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuthwala izifo ezikhona eziyingozi kakhulu.

I-Nectarophages

Izimpukane ezingenabungozi kakhulu kubantu. Zidla umpe futhi zizalela amaqanda azo ezitshalweni, ngenxa yokuhluka kwazo okukhethekile, zingakwazi ukuthulisa izimbali ezithile. Ezinye izinhlobo zingadla ubulongwe bezilwane, kanye namajusi ahlukahlukene anomsoco. Bahluke ezihlotsheni zabo ngobukhulu nangesisindo. Bancane cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kunezimpukane ezifile.

Afagi

Lena izinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile. Zidinga ukudla kuphela lapho zisesigabeni sezibungu. Banikezwa leli gama ngokuqondile ngenxa yokudla kwezibungu. Ngemva kokuba umuntu omdala ebekela amaqanda, izibungu ziqala ukuhola impilo ye-parasitic. Zidla indle ehlukahlukene noma imfucuza yabantu nezilwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngomqondo wabo, zifana nama-parasites ajwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lungaba yingozi kubantu.

speckwings

Ikoloni ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Ngenye indlela, izimpukane ezinhlobonhlobo zibizwa ngokuthi izimpukane zangempela zezithelo. Bathola isidlaliso esinjalo hhayi kuphela ekudleni kwabo, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuzalana ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingqayizivele. Bayakwazi ukushiya inzalo emagxolweni ezihlahla ezifile, kanye nasendaweni yenhlabathi. Amaphiko ophayi abizwa ngenxa yombala wawo omuhle womzimba. Igcwele imibala ehlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lufana neminyovu nezinyosi ezihlukahlukene. Bangama-omnivorous, kodwa bakhetha ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo noma izinambuzane ezincane ezihlukahlukene. Abanakho ukuthandwa okukhulu, bahlala ezifundeni eziningi kuphela, kodwa inani labantu liphansi kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zezimpukane

Izimpukane zingesinye sezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu ezihlala kule planethi. Izinhlobo zazo, izinhlobo, ama-subtypes, njalonjalo, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongaziqhayisa ngemiphumela enjalo.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezidume kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke ezikhona yizimpukane ezaziwayo, zendlu noma zegumbi. Cishe wonke umuntu ohlala endaweni efanele izimpukane uyayazi.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezidumile zihlanganisa izimpukane ezilandelayo:

impukane noma sirfida;
indiza ye-carrion;

i-elnitsa-bee-eater;
i-tsetse fly.

Indiza yendlu noma yasendlini

Ilokhu indiza efulethini, hhayi eyodwa, kodwa eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ungahlangana naye kunoma iyiphi indawo yomhlaba lapho izimo zezulu zingakhuphuka ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-15. Impukane yasekhaya inobukhulu obujwayelekile, cishe amamilimitha ayi-10. Impukane yasendlini ine-polyphagous. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uyakwazi ukudla noma yikuphi ukudla okwethulwayo.

I-Sirfida noma i-hoverfly fly

Abamele lolu hlobo bangase bafane nezinyosi ezivamile noma iminyovu. Ayafana ngombala womzimba anemigqa ephuzi-mnyama. Ungahlangana nabo kaningi ezingwadule nase-tundras. Azibekezeleli isithwathwa esiqinile. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nabo emazwenikazi anamazinga okushisa aphansi. Laba bameleli badla ama-midges amancane noma izakhi zezitshalo.

I-Carrion (eluhlaza) iyandiza

Ungahlangabezana nalezi zinhlobonhlobo cishe yonke indawo, ngokulandelana, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi. Zidla izilwane ezifile. Lezi zimpukane zingasakaza ingozi kubantu ngezifo. Izimpukane zinomthunzi omnyama eduze nohlaza, kodwa kukhona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumpunga. Isikhathi esiningi bahlala ezilaheni noma emapulazini, lapho kunenqwaba yobulongwe.

Ilnitsa edla izinyosi

Impukane ingeyabamele ama-hoverflies. Cishe ukopishe ngokuphelele isitayela nokubukeka kwezinyosi. Benza imisebenzi efanayo.

I-Ktyr

I-Ktyr ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu zezimpukane. Bayakwazi ukuzingela izihlobo zabo, kanye nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Bahlala ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo. Zihluke ezimpukaneni ezivamile ekwandiseni umzimba wazo, kanye nobukhulu nombala. Ubukhulu bawo bungafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamilimitha ayi-15, abanye abantu bafinyelele kumamilimitha angama-20. Laba abameleli bangabasuki begazi.

I-Tsetse fly

Olunye uhlobo lwempukane, okungeyezinambuzane ezimunca igazi. Ngemuva kokulunywa kwayo, i-blister enkulu ingakheka, kanye nokubomvu okunzima. UTsetse ungomunye wabameleli abayingozi kakhulu balolu hlobo. Bahlala kakhulu emazweni ashisa kakhulu, lapho kunokudla okuningi okufanele.

Indima ye-Diptera ku-ecology: yiziphi izinzuzo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpukane

Izimpukane ziyingozi futhi zinenzuzo ngokulinganayo. Izibungu zidla izinambuzane ezonakalisa umhlabathi nezinye izinto ezibalulekile eziphilayo. Ziyingozi ngoba zingabathwali bezifo eziyingozi. Futhi, izimpukane ziyacasula futhi ziningi ehlobo. Baphazamisa endizeni ebonakalayo nakwezinye izithakazelo zomuntu.

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