Ubani i-gadfly: isithombe, incazelo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlangana ne-parasite enegazi

Umbhali walesi sihloko
Ukubukwa kwe-416
9 imiz. ukufunda

Impukane ibukeka njengempukane enkulu, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-170 zalezi zinambuzane emhlabeni. Kunombono wokuthi izimpukane zimunca igazi, kodwa abantu abadala abalumi futhi abadli nhlobo. Kubantu, i-gadfly yesikhumba somuntu kuphela, ehlala eMelika Ephakathi, iyingozi; izibungu zayo zingena emzimbeni womuntu. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-parasitize izilwane.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

I-gadfly ingeyomndeni wakwa-Diptera, iyisinambuzane esiyisinambuzane esisebenzisa izilwane ukuze zizale. Iwuhlobo lwe-synanthropic, njengoba ihlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala yomuntu. Umndeni we-gadfly wakhiwe imindeni emine emincane:

  • izibawu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba;
  • isisu;
  • i-nasopharyngeal;
  • izibawu zabantu.

Yonke le mindeni emincane ihlukile komunye nomunye ngendlela isibungu esingena ngayo emzimbeni wesilwane. Isakhiwo somzimba salezi zinambuzane siyafana, sihluke ngemininingwane emincane.

Izibawu zezinambuzane.

Libukeka kanjani impukane

Umzimba we-gadfly u-oval, umbozwe nge-villi, ubude bawo buyi-1,5-3 cm. Kunamehlo amakhulu ekhanda, umlomo mncane kakhulu, noma awukho ngokuphelele. I-gadfly inamapheya angu-3 emilenze, umbhangqwana wangaphambili mfishane kuneminye, amaphiko akhanyayo made kancane kunomzimba.
Umbala womzimba ungaba we-shades ehlukene: ensundu, empunga, ene-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinambuzane ezihlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu zingase zibe nombala womzimba ogqamile, onemigqa ewolintshi nemnyama.
Umzimba we-larva ufinyelela ku-2-3 cm ubude, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwezinambuzane. Ihlukene ngezigaba, umbala omhlophe-mpunga. Isibungu sihamba emzimbeni wesisulu ngosizo lwama-outgrowths-hook atholakala emzimbeni waso.

Indlela yokuphila kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo

I-gadfly ihlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo noma esishisayo, ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezimpukane kubonakala eduze nezindawo lapho izilwane zasendle nezilwane ezifuywayo zikhona, ikakhulukazi lapho kunomswakama omningi, lezi yizindawo zokuchelela eduze nemithombo yamanzi. Kuye ngohlobo lwe-gadfly, izindawo ezahlukene ze-parasitism zisetshenziswa. Amaduna ama-Gadfly akhwelana ahlala endizela endaweni efanayo lapho abesifazane bebuthana khona.

Ezinsikazi ziyanda kakhulu, umuntu angabekela amaqanda angaba ngu-650.

Idlani impukane

Izibawu ezindala azondli, kodwa zisebenzisa iziqiwu eziziqongelele ngesikhathi zisesigabeni sezibungu. Isibungu, esisemzimbeni wesisulu saso, sidla uketshezi lwegazi, sidonsa izinto eziwusizo kulo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sikhipha uketshezi oluwuketshezi olubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu nokuvuvukala ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Izibungu ze-gadfly zihamba emzimbeni wesilwane kusukela phansi kuya phezulu, ezinye zifika ebuchosheni, amehlo, ezinye zingaphansi kwesikhumba, zidla ngezindleko zomnikazi wazo. Uma ukutheleleka ngenani elikhulu lama-parasites, isilwane silahlekelwa isisindo, sibe buthaka futhi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima, siholela ekufeni.

Ukukhiqiza

Ezinsikazi ezivundisiwe zizalela amaqanda, kuye ngohlobo lwazo, lokhu kungase kube utshani, esinye isinambuzane insikazi ibekela kuso amaqanda aso, noma isilwane esenza phezu koboya baso ama-clutch. Kusuka emaqandeni, kuvela izibungu, ezifaka i-parasitize ngaphakathi komzimba wesilwane. Izibungu ziyawushiya umzimba wesilwane, futhi zithuthele emhlabathini, zithole isibungu lapho, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, isinambuzane esikhulile siyaphuma ku-pupa, silungele ukukhwelana.

Izibungu zeGadfly! Amabhungane enkawuni

Umjikelezo wokuphila we-gadfly

Impukane idlula ezigabeni ezine zokukhula: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, isinambuzane esikhulile. Isigaba ngasinye sokuthuthuka sincike ekushiseni komoya, nokuthi yisiphi isilwane esithwala izibungu. Kuphela ezinhlotsheni zezimpukane ze-cavity asikho isigaba samaqanda, abesifazane bazala izibungu eziphilayo.

Iqanda

Iqanda lipendwe elimhlophe noma eliphuzi, liyi-oval noma i-cylindrical ngesimo. Kwezinye izinhlobo, iqanda linesivalo, noma ama-appendages, alibamba liqine ezinweleni.

Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayo endaweni enoboya esikhunjeni sesisulu noma otshanini. Esilwaneni, ukhetha indawo lapho kunoboya obuncane futhi unamathisele amaqanda angu-2-3 ezinweleni ngalunye.

Zivuthwa kusukela ezinsukwini ezi-3 ukuya kumaviki angu-3, ​​izibungu ezivela ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zingena ngaphakathi kwesilwane futhi ziqhubeke nokukhula kwazo.

Amaqanda kanye nezibungu ze-gadfly.

Izibungu zeGadfly

Umzimba wesibungu uhlukene, umhlophe-ompunga. Ngaphambi kokuba isibungu siphenduke sibe isiphungumangathi, sidlula kuma-molts amaningana. Isibungu sesigaba sokuqala sikhula izinsuku ezimbalwa ebusweni bese simila ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Kukhona izingwegwe emzimbeni wesibungu ezinhlangothini zombili, ngosizo lapho sihamba futhi singena emzimbeni wesilwane. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-gadfly zihamba emithanjeni yegazi yesilwane ziye emphinjeni noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi zikhule futhi zondle lapho.
Izibungu zezigaba ezingu-2-3 zifinyelela ukuvuthwa, phakathi nalesi sikhathi zanda izikhathi ezingu-10, zidlula i-molting, futhi nge-fistula esikhumbeni noma ngendle ziphuma, zingene emhlabathini futhi zifake lapho.

Idoli

Isibungu siphenduka kancane kancane sibe i-pupa, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kungathatha izinsuku ezingu-7. Ngaphakathi kwe-pupa, isinambuzane sikhula izinsuku ezingu-30-45. Isinambuzane esikhulile esivele ku-pupa silungele ngokushesha ukukhwelana nokuzala.

Isikhathi sempilo ye-Gadfly

Phakathi nokuphila kwayo okufushane, i-imago ayidli, kodwa idla izinqolobane eziziqongelele esiteji sezibungu. izitoko ezinjalo zanele izinsuku ezingama-21. Esimeni sezulu esinemvula, lapho impukane ingandizi, izinqolobane zayo zanele izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30. Ngalesi sikhathi, isinambuzane silahlekelwa yi-1/3 yesisindo saso bese siyafa. Umjikelezo ogcwele kusukela ekubukeni kweqanda kuya ekukhululweni komuntu omdala ugcwaliswa isinambuzane ngonyaka ongu-1.

Umjikelezo wokuphila wezinhlobo ezithile zezibawu.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezimpukane nezimpukane

Ngaphandle, amanzi nezimpukane ziyafana, kodwa ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu futhi zingezezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane. Kodwa ziyehluka komunye nomunye ngendlela ezondla ngayo.

Izimpukaneizimpukane
Abantu abadala bezimpukane ababi usongo kubantu noma ezilwaneni, ngoba bavule umlomo, noma mncane kakhulu, futhi ukuphila kwabo konke abadli, ingasaphathwa eyokuluma.

Ingozi imelelwa izibungu zazo, ezikhula emzimbeni wesilwane noma womuntu.		Amaduna ama-Horfly awayona ingozi kubantu noma ezilwaneni, futhi ngemva kokuvundiswa kwezinsikazi, adla umpe wezimbali, ubisi lwezitshalo, kanye noketshezi olumnandi lwama-aphid. Impukane yensikazi ingadla ukudla okunama-carbohydrate, kodwa ngemva kokuvundiswa, ukuze amaqanda akhule, idinga amaprotheni, ewathola ngokudla igazi. Ngakho-ke, yizinsikazi ze-horsefly kuphela ezilumayo, ukulunywa kwazo kubuhlungu kakhulu.

Indawo yokuluma iphenduka ibe bomvu, ivuvuke, ibe minyene, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lingakhuphuka. Owesifazane ujova into enobuthi esilondeni, engase ibangele ukungezwani komzimba noma ibangele ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic. Cishe u-10% wokulunywa yi-horsefly kubangela ukufa.

Zihlala kuphi izibawu

Lezi zinambuzane zihlala kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngaphandle kwezindawo lapho izinga lokushisa lihlala lingaphansi kweziro. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezithile zezimpukane e-Urals naseSiberia. Kodwa izinhlobo eziningi zezibawu zihlala futhi zizalela ezindaweni ezifudumele.

Izinhlobo zezinambuzane eziyingozi kubantu zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo.

Ukuze zizale, izibawu zidinga izilwane, futhi zihlala eduze nezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Izinambuzane zithanda ukushisa nomswakama, ngakho inani elikhulu labantu lingatholakala eduze nemithombo yamanzi lapho izilwane ziza ukuzophuza.

Izimpukane zithanda umswakama nokufudumala.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimpukane: isithombe nencazelo

Umndeni wonke wezimpukane uhlukaniswe imindeni emincane emi-4, ehlukene ngendlela ezethula ngayo emzimbeni womuntu ohlukunyeziwe.

I-Gastric gadfly (Ihhashi)
I-Horse gadfly, i-parasitizing emgudwini wamathumbu wamahhashi nezimbongolo, itholakala kuzo zonke izindawo lapho lezi zilwane zitholakala khona. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ekhanda lesilwane nasezithweni, otshanini esidla kuso. Izibungu ezichanyuselwe emaqandeni zingena emgudwini wokugaya ukudla ngomlomo, lapho zikhula khona futhi ziphume kanye nendle.
I-Hypodermic gadfly (Inkunzi)
Uhlobo oluningi kakhulu lwezimpukane ezingaphansi kwesikhumba izinkomo. Ibulala izinkomo. Insikazi ibambelela emaqandeni, elilodwa kunwele ngalunye, izibungu ezichanyuselwe zidla esikhumbeni bese zifudukela ezicutshini zesilwane. Ngemva kokubola, zihamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba emihlane yazo. Lapho, izibungu zakha ama-fistula ezithola ngawo umoya bese ziwasebenzisela ukuphuma.
Izibawu zeNasopharyngeal
Abamele izibawu ze-nasopharyngeal yi-cavity sheep gadfly kanye ne-Russian gadfly. Izimvu zihlala ezimbuzini nasezimvini ezifuywayo, kanti isiRashiya - ngamahhashi nezimbongolo. Ezinsikazi ze-cavity gadfly zizala izibungu eziphilayo futhi, empukaneni, zifafaze emakhaleni nasemahlweni ezilwane nabantu. Izibungu ziyanyakaza futhi zingene emehlweni, ekhaleni, zingene ebholeni lamehlo, zingene emakhaleni nasezonweni zangaphambili, zingene ku-nasopharynx. Zihlala ezicutshini futhi zibangela i-myiasis.
Impukane yabantu (dermal)
Impukane yesikhumba somuntu itholakala eMelika Ephakathi kuphela. Insikazi izalela amaqanda emzimbeni wezimpukane noma omiyane. Isinambuzane okunamathiselwe kuso amaqanda e-gadfly sihlala kumuntu, izibungu zivela emaqandeni futhi ngokushesha zicucuze ngokusebenzisa amavesi bese zihamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngemva kokuzinza emzimbeni womuntu, bayakhula futhi babangele i-myiasis.

Iyini ingozi yezibungu ze-gadfly kubantu nasezilwaneni

I-parasitizing emzimbeni womuntu, isibungu se-gadfly sibangela umonakalo omkhulu kuso.

  1. Ihamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba, idla futhi ibonakale ezindaweni zokuvuvukala kanye ne-suppuration, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekudakeni.
  2. Ingozi izibungu ezingena ebholeni lamehlo noma ebuchosheni. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukutheleleka komuntu ngezibungu ze-gadfly kuholela ekufeni.

Ukungena emzimbeni wesilwane, isibungu somgaba sidla izinto eziwusizo ezivela ezicutshini zaso futhi sihambahamba emzimbeni, sithinta izitho zangaphakathi. Isilwane siba buthakathaka, sigule, ukopha kwangaphakathi kungase kuqale, okuholela ekufeni.

Izibungu ze-Gadfly.

Izindlela zokutheleleka

Izibungu ze-Gadfly zingangena emzimbeni womuntu ngezindlela ezahlukene:

  • uma zisesinambuzaneni. Ngembobo ngemva kokulunywa kwakhe, bangangena ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi bathuthuke lapho;
  • abesifazane be-gadfly besisu bafutha izibungu eziphilayo, ezingangena kulwelwesi lwamafinyila, zibe emehlweni futhi zikhule lapho;
  • amaqanda ama-gadfly angangena emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokudla noma esilondeni esivulekile;
  • bangakwazi ukuhogela uma befika ngephutha kulwelwesi lwamafinyila;
  • uma insikazi ibeka amaqanda ekhanda, futhi izibungu zingena ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Izilwane zingangenwa izibungu ngokudla utshani obekubekwe phezu kwabo amaqanda. Ngemva kokubakhotha ebusweni bemilenze, intamo, umzimba, kusukela kulezo zindawo lapho insikazi ibeka amaqanda ayo. Futhi, izilwane zingabhekana nokuhlaselwa kwe-gadfly. Uma izibungu zingena ezithweni zokuphefumula zezimvu, zingase zibe ne-swirl noma i-pneumonia, okuholela ekufeni kwesilwane.

Izimpawu, imiphumela kanye nokwelashwa kokulunywa yi-gadfly

I-gadfly ayilumi, kodwa isibungu, sifika esikhumbeni, senza umgodi lapho singena khona ngaphakathi. Lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi i-gadfly bite. Amamaki alandelayo angase avele emzimbeni: indawo ebomvu enechashazi elimnyama phakathi nendawo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi indawo ingase ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Indawo enjalo ingaba eyodwa, noma kungenzeka kube nezimbalwa eziseduze. Kuphinde kube nobuhlungu nokuluma. Umfutho kanye nezinga lokushisa lomzimba kungase kunyuke. Abanye abantu baba nokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile.
Imiphumela yokwethulwa kwesibungu ingase incike ekutheni kungenzeka yini ukuyisusa ngesikhathi, noma ukuthi yahamba yini ngezicubu zomzimba. Uma ikhula ngaphansi kwesikhumba, bese kuvela ama-miases, ama-fistula lapho izibungu ziphuma khona. Ukufuduka emzimbeni, isibungu singalimaza izitho zangaphakathi zomuntu, okungabangela imiphumela emibi. Uma izibungu zingena ebuchosheni, umphumela obulalayo ungenzeka.
Uma kukhona izinsolo zokuthi isibungu se-gadfly singene emzimbeni womuntu, kufanele ngokushesha ufune usizo ku-parasitologist. Udokotela ohlinzayo ususa isibungu, ukuhlinzwa kwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo. Udokotela wakho angase futhi akunikeze imithi elwa namagciwane. Uma ungayisusi i-parasite ngesikhathi, khona-ke izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zingakhula. I-Sepsis ingase ithuthuke, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okuguliswayo kuzovela.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngesibungu se-gadfly

Lapho uya emvelweni, kubalulekile ukucabangela izincomo ezimbalwa ukuze ungabi yisisulu sezimpukane ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezifudumele eduze kwabantu:

  • izingubo zokuhamba emvelweni akufanele zikhanye, njengoba imibala ekhanyayo ingadonseli ama-gadflies kuphela, kodwa nezinye izinambuzane eziyingozi;
  • vala umzimba nezandla ngangokunokwenzeka ngezingubo;
  • ungasebenzisi amakha, amakha amnandi aheha ama-bloodsuckers;
  • phatha izingubo nomzimba ngezinto zokuxosha noma zokuzivikela;
  • amafutha anamakha angasetshenziswa ukuxosha izinambuzane: i-clove, i-orange, i-mint;
  • hlomisa indawo yokulahla udoti kanye nendlu yangasese kude nendawo yokuphumula;
  • vala inqola yezingane ngenetha elikhethekile.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane

Izimpukane zitholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nesifudumele futhi akukho okusongela inani labantu bazo. Izibawu zezinsikazi ziningi kakhulu futhi zinezitha zemvelo ezimbalwa. Isimo sezinhlobo zezilwane asithintwa isimo semvelo ezindaweni zokuhlala.

E-Russia, izinhlobo eziningi zezimpukane zihlala eSiberia, e-Urals nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho, eduze kwamapulazi emfuyo kanye nezindawo zokudla. Ukuze kuncishiswe inani lezimuncagazi, abafuyi bemfuyo balapha izilwane kanye nezindawo zazo zokuklaba nokuphuzisa. Yenza izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezisiza ukunciphisa inani lezinambuzane eziyingozi.

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