Imikhaza ingeyesigaba sama-arachnids: izici ezijwayelekile zama-parasite, incazelo kanye nezinhlobo zabameleli

Umkhaza inambuzane noma i-arachnid

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphandle umkhaza ufana nesinambuzane, lolu hlobo aluhlangene nhlobo nazo. Imikhaza ilandela i-arachnid, ngakho-ke kulungile ukuyibiza ngezilwane.

Ukubaluleka okungokoqobo kwemikhaza emvelweni kanye nengozi ethwala imikhaza

Uma kukhulunywa ngalezi zilwane, eziningi zihlotshaniswa nezimuncagazi ezimunca igazi ezithwala izifo eziyingozi.

Eqinisweni, izinhlobo ezithile zemikhaza (imvamisa ngokuvamile i-ixodid) ziyingozi enkulu kubantu nasezilwaneni, nokho, ama-arthropods ayingozi nawo abaluleke kakhulu emvelweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abameleli be-tick order abazona izilwane ezidliwayo futhi badla ukudla kwezitshalo. Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kwemikhaza emvelweni nakubantu:

1. Ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi: ekuboleni nasekusebenzeni kwabantu kwezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, ukwandisa ukuqina, ukudlala indima yokuhleleka, ukudla ama-microorganisms angama-parasitic nokusabalalisa anenzuzo;
2. Ukuhlanzwa kwesitshalo kusuka ezinhlamvu ze-epiphytic ne-parasitic fungi;
3. Ku-foci yezifo ezithwalwa yi-vector, ama-arthropods abe yisici sokulinganisa, adlale indima yabagomi bemvelo;
4. Izinhlobo ezidla ezinye zezibungu zisetshenziswa kwezolimo ekulawuleni izinambuzane.

Kodwa-ke, lapho kuhlolwa ukubaluleka kwemikhaza kubantu, isikali sidlula umthelela wabo omubi. Ingozi ebangelwa izinambuzane:

• ukuthwala amagciwane ezifo ezahlukahlukene zabantu nezilwane: i-encephalitis, borreliosis, utwayi, i-tularemia, njll.
• imfucuza yabo ingabangela ukungezwani okukhulu;
• konakalisa ukudla (okusanhlamvu, ufulawa, imikhiqizo yobisi, njll.);
• bhubhisa izitshalo ezitshaliwe, zidla amajusi azo.

Obani imikhaza

Imikhaza iyisigaba esihlukile sama-arthropods. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sigaba esincane sibhekwa njengeningi kakhulu. Zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, zihlala emhlabathini, izinsalela eziphilayo, zihlala ezidlekeni zezinyoni nezilwane, imizimba yamanzi, i-parasitize emzimbeni wabantu nezilwane.

Imikhaza ikusiphi isigaba?

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izibungu ziyingxenye yesigaba sama-arachnids.

Ubukeka kanjani umkhaza ojwayelekile?

Njengawo wonke amalungu ekilasi, imikhaza ayinamaphiko. Kubantu abadala, kukhona amapheya angu-4 emilenze, kuma-nymphs nezibungu kukhona 3 kuphela.

Umthunzi wesilwane ungahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo: obala, ompunga, ophuzi noma onsundu.

Umzimba, njengomthetho, unomumo we-oval flat, ombozwe igobolondo le-chitinous elivikelayo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, awekho amehlo, aqondiswe emkhathini ngosizo lwezitho ezikhethekile zezinzwa.

Umkhaza wesifazane ubukeka kanjani?

Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa, umzimba wabo umbozwe kancane ngesembozo se-chitinous - isihlangu sitholakala ngemuva kwe-proboscis futhi sithatha cishe ingxenye yesithathu yobuso bomzimba, okunye kuthambile futhi kunwebeka. Emkhatsini we-dorsal wesisekelo se-proboscis kunezinkambu ze-pore ezibhanqiwe ezenza umsebenzi wezitho zezinzwa.

Yeka usayizi wophawu

Ubude bomzimba we-arachnids bungaba kusuka kuma-microns angu-80 kuya ku-13 mm, uma udla, umuntu uyakhula ngosayizi aze afike ku-30 ​​mm.

Isakhiwo somzimba womkhaza

Ama- integuments omzimba ahlukene: ingxenye yawo iqinile, futhi kwezinye izindawo iyanwebeka kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinambuzane ziyakwazi ukwelula kakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla.

Umjikelezo wokuphila wezibungu

Iningi labameleli bezinhlobo libeka amaqanda, kodwa kukhona nezibungu ze-viviparous. Umjikelezo wokuphila we-arthropods uhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

• iqanda;
• isibungu;
• nymph;
• imago (abadala).

Ngokusungulwa kokushisa komoya okunethezekile (+15-20 degrees), ama-arachnids aqala ukuphindaphindeka ngenkuthalo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, owesifazane udinga ukuthola igazi elanele. Ngemva kokuncelisa nokukhwelana, insikazi izalela amaqanda. Inani labo lingahluka, kuye ngohlobo lomkhaza.

Izinsikazi zezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa.

Ubude besigaba se-embryonic bubuye buhluke kuye ngezinhlobo - kusukela ezinsukwini ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-14. Ngemva kwalokho, izibungu ziyazalwa, ezihluke kancane kubantu abadala ngokubukeka.

Izibungu zezinye izinhlobo zemikhaza ziqala ukufuna inyamazane kakade kulesi sigaba sokukhula, kanti ezinye azikudingi ukudla. Ngemva kokubola, isilwane siya esigabeni esilandelayo sokukhula - i-nymph. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umkhaza kufanele udle ukudla, emva kwalokho kwenzeka enye i-molt futhi umuntu udlulela esiteji se-imago.

Isakhiwo somphakathi kanye nokuzala

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-acarids iqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo ngokufika kokushisa. Kulokhu, owesifazane kufanele agcwale. Ukukhwelana kungenzeka kumninikhaya, utshani, amaqabunga, njalonjalo.

Kwezinye izimo, ukukhulelwa kungenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kowesilisa, lapho kuzovela izibungu zesifazane kuphela, futhi uma owesilisa ebambe iqhaza, kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane.

Eyeduna ayikhethi insikazi nganoma iyiphi indlela; umuntu osekude ngaleso sikhathi uba umlingani. Amaduna ezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ayafa ngemva kokuzala.

Izici zomlingiswa nendlela yokuphila

Ama-arachnids aqala ukukhombisa umsebenzi wawo wokuqala ngenkathi lapho inhlabathi ifudumala kuze kufike ku-3-5 degrees. E-Russia, ngokuvamile lesi sikhathi senzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-March nasekuqaleni kuka-April. Inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi liwela ngoMeyi-Agasti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyancipha kancane kancane futhi lapho izinga lokushisa libekwe ngaphansi kwemikhaza eshiwo ubusika.

Inani labantu kanye nokuminyana kwezimuncagazi kuncike ngokuqondile ezimweni zezulu. Ngakho-ke, uma ihlobo lipholile, linemvula eningi, futhi ubusika buneqhwa futhi bungabandi, ngonyaka ozayo inani labantu lizokwanda kakhulu.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ukulunywa kwe-parasite akukuzwa kumuntu. Isikhathi sokumunca igazi singaba yimizuzu eyi-15. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila komkhaza buncike ohlotsheni. Isibonelo, izibungu zothuli zihlala izinsuku ezingama-65-80, kanti izibungu zasehlathini zingaphila iminyaka emi-4.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi, ama-arachnids awela esimweni sokugqwayiza okumisiwe - zonke izinqubo emzimbeni zihamba kancane futhi isilwane siwela ohlotsheni lokulala.

Ngemva kokuvuka, umkhaza ungaqhubeka nomsebenzi wawo wokuphila ngaphandle kwemiphumela emzimbeni wawo.

Udlani umkhaza

Ngokwendlela yokudla, ama-arachnids ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2:

• izilwane ezidla ezinye;
• ama-saprophages.

I-Saprophages idla izinto eziphilayo. Iningi lama-saprophages abonwa njengenzuzo esintwini, njengoba edlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi. Nokho, kukhona ama-saprophages asebenzisa amajusi ezitshalo njengokudla, kuhlanganise nezitshalo eziwusizo.

Izilwane ezinjalo zibhekwa njengama-parasite, njengoba zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo kanye ne-horticulture, zibhubhise sonke isitshalo ngesikhathi esifushane.

Kukhona futhi ama-saprophages adla izinhlayiya zesikhumba somuntu esikhishwe, izinwele kanye nezimfihlo zomuntu zemvelo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izibungu zothuli (zasekhaya).

Azihlaseli umuntu, azilumi futhi azithwali izifo, kodwa zingalimaza impilo yakhe ngokubangela ukungezwani okunamandla. Ama-saprophages ahlanganisa nezibungu ezidla okusanhlamvu, ufulawa, izithelo ezomisiwe nezinye, okwenza ukudla kungakufanelekeli ukudliwa abantu.

Izibungu ezidla ezinye zihlasela izilwane ezincelisayo ezinegazi elifudumele, kuhlanganise nabantu, izinyoni nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Kwezinye izimo, bahlasela izihlobo zabo - imikhaza edla uhlaza. Isilokazane sinamathela kulowo ohlukunyezwayo ngosizo lwemilenze yaso bese sihamba ngamabomu siye lapho esilunywe khona.

Phawula Indawo yokuhlala

Izitha zemvelo zomkhaza

Ama-arthropods angenye yezindawo zokugcina ohlwini lokudla, ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziningi zisebenzisa wona njengokudla.

Izitha zabo ngokwemvelo yilezi:

• izicabucabu;
• amaxoxo;
• izibankwa;
• izinyoni;
• iminyovu;
• ojekamanzi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhizane

Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-50 zalezi arachnids ziyaziwa. Iningi lazo liyi-parasitize kubantu, izilwane nezitshalo. Okulandelayo ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lomsingathi.

Imikhaza ebulala izilwane

Abamele imindeni ye-Argasidae kanye ne-Ixodes bafaka i-parasitize ezilwaneni. Izinambuzane zihlasela isilwane, zidla igazi laso, zithelela amagciwane, zibangele ukungezwani komzimba kanye nokuba buthakathaka jikelele komzimba. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

Imikhaza ehlukumeza abantu

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zobungozi kubantu yilezi:

Imikhaza enezimuncagazi ezitshalweni

Ukulimala kwezitshalo zokuhlobisa kanye nengadi kubangelwa abameleli be-acariform oda, phakathi kwazo izibungu ezivela ku-superfamily Tetranych izibungu zenza umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Ama-parasite anjalo ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamakhizane:

• ubulembu;
• isicaba;
• igallic.

Izici ezijwayelekile zemikhaza yezinhlobo ezahlukene

Ngokwezigaba ezamukelwa ngokuvamile zalawa ma-arthropods, kuyisiko ukuwahlukanisa abe ama-superorder amathathu: i-parasitomorphic, i-acarimorphic, ne-saprophage. Ngezansi kunencazelo yezinhlobo ezithile zezibungu ezivamile.

Indlela izifo zomkhaza ezidluliselwa ngayo kubantu

Izifo ezidluliselwa ngemikhaza

Akuwona wonke umuntu ophethe amagciwane ayingozi, kodwa iphesenti lalabo abanaleli gciwane liphezulu kakhulu. Izifo ezivame kakhulu ezithwalwa imikhaza zichazwe ngezansi.

I-encephalitis yegciwane ephethwe umkhaza

Isifo esithathelwanayo esiyingozi esithinta ubuchopho. Kuthathwa njengesifo esivame kakhulu nesiyingozi kunazo zonke ezithwalwa imikhaza. I-agent causative yokutheleleka yi-arbovirus, edluliselwa emzimbeni womuntu ngesikhathi sokulunywa.

Ukutheleleka kungenzeka futhi ngokusebenzisa ubisi olungaphekiwe oluvela ezimbuzini nasezimvini.

Isikhathi se-incubation sithatha izinsuku ezingu-10-14, kwezinye izimo ubude bayo bungaba izinsuku ezingu-60. Njengomthetho, lesi sifo siqala ngokukhuphuka okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa kumanani abalulekile - ama-39-39,5 degrees. Ezinye izimpawu ziyalandela:

• amakhaza, imfiva;
• ikhanda elibuhlungu ikakhulukazi esifundeni se-occipital;
• ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, ukukhathala;
• isicanucanu nokuhlanza;
• ubuthakathaka bemisipha;
• ukuba ndikindiki kwesikhumba sobuso nentamo;
• ubuhlungu obuphansi emuva.

Ukubikezelwa kwalesi sifo kuncike empilweni jikelele yesiguli, izinga lokutheleleka kanye nesimo senkambo yesifo. Imiphumela yokutheleleka nge-encephalitis ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kanye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Izinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• i-cerebral edema;
• ikhoma;
• ukwephulwa kokuphefumula kanye nemisebenzi yemoto;
• isithuthwane;
• ukopha ebuchosheni;
• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

Okwamanje akukho ukwelashwa okuqondile kwe-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza. Ukwelashwa kunezimpawu kuphela. Ngokukhubazeka okujulile, ukululama kwabo ngokugcwele akunakwenzeka, futhi lesi sifo sivame ukuba nomphumela obulalayo. Emhlabeni wonke, indlela evamile eyamukelwayo yokuvimbela i-encephalitis ukugoma.

Isifo se-Lyme esithwala umkhaza

I-agent ebangela lesi sifo yi-bacterium ye-Borrelia. Ukungena kwawo emzimbeni kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezithweni zangaphakathi: inhliziyo, isibindi, ubende, amehlo nezindlebe. Amasistimu wezinzwa kanye ne-lymphatic nawo ayathinteka. I-Borreliosis yenzeka ngendlela eyingozi noma engapheli. Ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngokulunywa umkhaza we-ixodid noma ubisi.

Isikhathi sokufakwa kwalesi sifo sisukela ezinsukwini ezi-2 kuye kwezingama-35, ngemuva kwalokho kube nezimpawu ezilandelayo:

• ubuhlungu bemisipha namalunga;
• ikhanda kanye nesiyezi;
• umkhuhlane;
• ubuthakathaka, ukukhathala;
• amabala abomvu ayindilinga emzimbeni.

Isibonakaliso sokugcina siyisibonakaliso esithile se-borreliosis futhi sizibonakalisa ezinsukwini ezingu-3-30 ngemva kokulunywa. Esikhathini sokuqala, lesi sifo siphathwa kalula ngama-antibiotics, ngokwelashwa okungazelelwe, izinkinga ezinkulu ze-borreliosis zingase zenzeke:

I-monocytic ehrlichiosis ethwala umkhaza

Isizathu sokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo ukutheleleka nge-pathogenic microorganisms - erlichs. Amagciwane angena egazini futhi asakazeka ohlelweni lwenhliziyo, okubangela ukwakheka kokuvuvukala kwamanodular amaningi.

Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ezingeni lamaselula. I-Foci yokuvuvukala ivimbela umsebenzi wezitho ezibalulekile: umnkantsha wamathambo, isibindi, inhliziyo.

Uma kungekho ukwelashwa, lesi sifo siba esingamahlalakhona. Umuntu ungenwa igciwane ngenxa yokulunywa umkhaza we-ixodid noma izilwane ezifuywayo ezilunywe yilesi silwane.

Izimpawu ze-Ehrlichiosis:

• ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile bomzimba, ukukhathala;
• ukwanda kokushisa komzimba kuze kufike kuma-degrees angu-39;
• amakhaza, imfiva;
• ukubonakala kwama-rashes abomvu esikhumbeni;
• isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo;
• ukulahlekelwa isisindo ngokushesha.

Izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo zingase zivele ngosuku lwesithathu ngemva kokulunywa. Kwezinye izimo, izimpawu zingase zingabi khona kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-21. Ukwelashwa kwe-Ehrlichiosis kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhlelekile kwama-antibiotic. Njengomthetho, ngokwelashwa okufanele, ukululama okuphelele kwenzeka emavikini angu-2-3.

Izinkinga ezingenzeka ze-ehrlichiosis:

I-Granulocytic anaplasmosis

I-agent causative ye-anaplasmosis yi-bacterium anaplasma. Ingena egazini, isakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba, iphazamisa umsebenzi wazo zonke izitho nezinhlelo.

Njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, amasosha omzimba ayancipha, futhi i-foci eminingi yokuvuvukala ibonakala.

Emvelweni, abathwali bamagciwane bangamagundane asendle; endaweni yasemadolobheni, amagundane, izinja, namahhashi angenwa kalula yiwo. Nokho, umuntu angangenwa igciwane kuphela ngokulunywa umkhaza we-ixodid. Isikhathi se-incubation sisukela ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuye kumaviki ama-3. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwayo, umuntu uba nezimpawu ezilandelayo:

• imfiva, amakhaza;
• isimo esijwayelekile sokudakwa;
• i-migraine;
• isicanucanu nokuhlanza, ubuhlungu besisu;
• ubuhlungu ku-hypochondrium efanele;
• ukukhwehlela owomile, umphimbo obuhlungu;
• kwehlisa umfutho wegazi.

Ngokuvamile, lesi sifo sithambile futhi sinesimo esihle sokubikezela. I-Anaplasmosis iphathwa ngama-antibiotic therapy. Izinkinga zenzeka kuyaqabukela, njengomthetho, kubantu abanezifo ezinzima ezingamahlalakhona.

I-Tularemia

Imbangela ye-tularemia igciwane lenduku. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokulunywa umkhaza we-ixodid futhi ngenxa yokudla ukudla okunegciwane.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukutheleleka kuthinta ama-lymph nodes, kungathinta nolwelwesi lwamafinyila lwamehlo, amaphaphu nesikhumba.

Isikhathi se-incubation ngokuvamile siyizinsuku ezingu-3-7, kodwa singahlala izinsuku ezingu-21. Izimpawu zomtholampilo ze-tularemia:

• ukuqubuka emzimbeni;
• imfiva, imfiva;
• imisipha nekhanda;
• ubomvu nokuzwa ukushisa kwezihlathi;
• ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph node;
• ubuthakathaka, umfutho wegazi ophansi.

Ukwelashwa kwe-tularemia kwenziwa kuphela esibhedlela. Ukwelashwa kuhilela izinyathelo ze-dezontikation, ukuvulwa kokuhlinzwa kwe-suppuration, ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezilwa namagciwane. Imiphumela yalesi sifo:

• ukushaqeka okuthelelanayo-nobuthi;
• ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yenhliziyo;
• i-meningitis;
• inyumoniya yesibili;
• isifo samathambo.

Umuntu oke wagula nge-tularemia uba nokuzivikela okuqinile kubhaktheriya we-pathogen.

Inqubo yokuthola umkhaza emzimbeni

Uma i-parasite itholakala emzimbeni, kufanele isuswe ngokushesha. Kunconywa ukuthi uxhumane nesikhungo sezokwelapha ngalokhu. Uma lingekho iposi losizo lokuqala eduze, udinga ukususa umaka ngokwakho:

• lungisa noma yisiphi isitsha esinesivalo esiqinile somkhaza oqhelile kanye ne-antiseptic yokwelapha isilonda;
• gqoka amagilavu ​​enjoloba noma uvikele isikhumba ngenye indlela;
• thatha ithuluzi elikhethekile ukususa i-parasite noma ama-tweezers ajwayelekile;
• bamba umkhaza eduze nokulunywa ngangokunokwenzeka;
• ngokunyakaza okuskrola, susa ngobumnene i-bloodsucker ngaphandle kokuqhaqhazela bese uyibeka esitsheni;
• bulala amagciwane esilondeni.

Umkhaza kufanele uthunyelwe elabhorethri ekhethekile ukuze uhlaziywe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ingabe umthwali wezifo eziyingozi. Uma umphumela uhle, kufanele uthintane nodokotela ukuze akunikeze izinyathelo zokuvimbela. Phakathi namaviki ama-3, kufanele uqaphe ngokucophelela inhlalakahle yakho futhi, uma kuvela izimpawu ezishaqisayo, ngokushesha wazise udokotela wakho ngakho.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela

Lapho uhamba emvelweni, kuyadingeka ukubheka izimo ezivimbela ukungena kwemikhaza esikhumbeni:

• ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezikhethekile zokuxosha ama-parasites;
• faka izingubo zangaphandle ebhulukweni, namabhulukwe emasokisini namabhuzu;
• sebenzisa i-headgear ne-hood;
• nikeza okuthandayo izingubo ezinemibala ekhanyayo - ama-bloodsuckers abonakala kakhulu kuwo;
• ungahambi ezindleleni eziwumngcingo ezinotshani obude;
• yenza ukuhlolwa njalo ngamahora ama-2;
• uma ubuyela ekhaya, geza futhi uwashe izingubo.