I-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza

Iyini i-encephalitis yegciwane lengculaza?

I-encephalitis yegciwane elithwala umkhaza yisifo esithathelwanayo esibonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Imiphumela yako ingasukela ekululameni okuphelele kuye ezinkingeni ezinkulu ezingaholela ekukhubazekeni, ekufeni, noma ekuphazamisekeni kwezinzwa zesikhathi eside ngisho nangemva kokuba ukutheleleka kokuqala sekunqotshiwe.

Leli gciwane lingelomndeni we-flavivirus (Flaviviridae) futhi linezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko (ama-subtypes):

1. EMpumalanga Ekude.
2. IYurophu Ephakathi.
3. I-meningoencephalitis yegciwane lesandulela ngculaza.

Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningana:

1. Imfiva (ibalelwa ku-35-45% amacala).
2. I-Meningeal (cishe ama-35-45% amacala).
3. Ifomu lokugxila, elingase lihlanganise inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yezilonda zobuchopho nomgogodla (cishe u-1-10% wamacala).

Ku-1-3% yalabo abaye balulama kulesi sifo, lesi sifo siba esingamahlalakhona. Ngemva kokululama ekuthelelekeni kokuqala, ezinye iziguli zithola izinkinga zesikhathi eside zezinzwa. Cishe u-40% wabasindile uba ne-residual postencephalitis syndrome, enomthelela omkhulu empilweni. Kubantu abadala, lesi sifo sivame kakhulu.

Izinga lokufa kwe-encephalitis yegciwane le-tick-borne yohlobo lwe-Central Europe cishe li-0,7-2%, kanti izinga lokufa elivela eMpumalanga Ekude ifomu lalesi sifo lingafinyelela ku-25-30%.

Ungangenwa kanjani i-viral encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza?

Igciwane le-encephalitis elithwala umkhaza lidluliselwa kubantu ngokuyinhloko ngokulunywa imikhaza ye-Ixodes, njenge-Ixodes persulcatus ne-Ixodes ricinus. Ukutheleleka kungenzeka futhi ngokuthintana nezilwane ezinjengezinja, amakati, kanye nabantu, okungukuthi ngezingubo, izitshalo, amagatsha nezinye izinto. Igciwane lingangena futhi emzimbeni ngokuhlikihla isikhumba ngomshini, lifake ingcindezi kumkhaza noma ngokunwaya indawo elunywayo.

Ukutheleleka kungenzeka futhi ngokusebenzisa ubisi oluluhlaza oluvela ezimbuzini, lapho igciwane lingase libe khona obisini ngesikhathi sokusebenza komkhaza. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukutheleleka ngobisi lwenkomo.

Bonke abantu bahlala besengozini yezifo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala nobulili. Nokho, abantu abasebenza ehlathini basengozini enkulu yokungenwa izifo, njengabasebenzi bamahlathi, izinhlangano zokuhlola umhlaba, abakhi bemigwaqo nezitimela, amapayipi kawoyela negesi, izintambo zikagesi, kanye nezivakashi nabazingeli. Abahlali basemadolobheni basengozini yokutheleleka emahlathini angaphansi kwedolobha, emapaki amahlathi nasezindaweni zasengadini.

Imikhaza idla izilwane ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezolimo (izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, amahhashi, amakamela), ezifuywayo (izinja, amakati) kanye nezinhlobo zasendle (amagundane, onogwaja, ama-hedgehogs nezinye), ezingasebenza njengendawo yokugcina amanzi. igciwane.

Isikhathi sokusebenza kwale mikhaza emvelweni siqala entwasahlobo futhi sihlala kuze kube u-Okthoba, nenani eliphezulu lemikhaza elibonwa engxenyeni yokuqala yehlobo. Ikakhulukazi bahlala ezindaweni ezindala ezilinywayo, ezindaweni ezingakaze zibonwe muntu, emabhandeni asehlathini, ezindaweni ezihlala utshani kanye nasezindaweni ezimanzi, njengezindawo ezingasogwini zemithombo yamanzi.

Yiziphi izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza?

Isikhathi se-incubation, kusukela ngesikhathi sokutheleleka kuya ekubonakaleni kokuqala komtholampilo, ngokuvamile cishe izinsuku ezingu-7-12, kodwa zingahluka kusukela osukwini olu-1 kuye kwezingama-30. Ngezinye izikhathi phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuvela izandulela zalesi sifo, njengokugula okujwayelekile, ubuthakathaka emisipha yemilenze nentamo, ukuba ndikindiki kwesikhumba sobuso, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuqwasha kanye nesicanucanu.

Lesi sifo siqala kungazelelwe ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lomzimba libe ngu-38-40 ° C, izimpawu zokudakwa (ubuthakathaka obukhulu, ukukhathala, ukuphazamiseka kokulala) kanye nezimpawu zokucasuka kolwelwesi lobuchopho (isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukungakwazi ukucindezela. isilevu esifubeni). I-Lethargy, ukungaboni kahle kokwazi, ubuso obubomvu, intamo nengxenye engenhla yomzimba ibonakala. Isiguli singase sizwe ubuhlungu emisipha yomzimba wonke, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza kuzobonwa kamuva, futhi kungase kube nokuba ndikindiki ezindaweni zesikhumba noma ukuzwa okukhasayo, ukuvutha nokunye ukungezwani okungajabulisi.

Njengoba lesi sifo sikhula, kuvela izimpawu eziyinhloko ezinquma isimo saso. Imvamisa, i-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza izibonakalisa ngokuhlukahluka okulandelayo komtholampilo:

1. Ifomu lomkhuhlane, elihambisana nokudakwa okujwayelekile, kodwa ngaphandle kokulimala ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Umphumela uvame ukululama ngokushesha.
2. Ifomu elinokulimala kolwelwesi lobuchopho, olubonakaliswa yikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, hhayi ngaphansi kokwelashwa, kanye ne-photophobia nokukhathala. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba lihlala liphakeme futhi umkhuhlane uhlala izinsuku ezingu-7-14. I-prognosis ngokuvamile iyathandeka.
3. Ifomu elinomonakalo kulwelwesi kanye nento yobuchopho, ehambisana nokunyakaza okukhubazekile ezithweni, ukukhubazeka, kanye nokukhubazeka kokubona, ukuzwa, ukukhuluma nokugwinya. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokuquleka. Ukululama kuhamba kancane, futhi iziyaluyalu zokunyakaza impilo yonke ngokuvamile zihlala.
4. Ifomu elinomonakalo emthonjeni womgogodla, obonakaliswa ukuphazamiseka kokunyakaza emisipha yentamo nemilenze.
5. Ifomu elinomonakalo ezimpandeni zemizwa nemicu, ehambisana nokuphazamiseka kokuzwela nokunyakaza ezithweni.

I-encephalitis ethwalwa wumkhaza enemfiva enamagagasi amabili ihlukaniswa ngokwehlukana. Ukwenyuka kokuqala kwezinga lokushisa kudlula kalula ngezimpawu zokudakwa nokucasuka kwe-meninges, kanti okwesibili (ngemuva kwekhefu lamasonto amabili) nokuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwesithombe somtholampilo ngezibonakaliso zokulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa. I-prognosis, nokho, imvamisa iyathandeka, nakuba ukudlulela esigabeni esingapheli kungenzeka. I-encephalitis ethwalwa ngumkhaza ezinganeni ivame ukwenzeka ngesimo somkhuhlane noma ngezimpawu zokulimala kolwelwesi lobuchopho. Ukungavikeleki kugciwane ngemva kwe-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza ngokuvamile kuhlala impilo yonke.

Ungazivikela kanjani ku-encephalitis yegciwane lengculaza?

Uhlelo lwezinyathelo zokuvimbela luhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwemikhaza kanye nokuvimbela izifo ezikhethekile. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa ekuvimbeleni komuntu siqu, okuhlanganisa ukunamathela ngokucophelela ezinyathelweni ezilula nezifinyelelekayo. Lezi zinyathelo zisetshenziswe izikhathi eziningi futhi ziye zafakazela ukusebenza kwazo. Enye yezindlela ezilula futhi ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu zokuzivikela komuntu siqu ukugqoka okulungile kwezingubo ezijwayelekile, ukuziguqula zibe izingubo zokuzivikela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukubopha ikhola nama-cuffs, ubophe ihembe ebhulukweni, futhi ibhulukwe libe emabhuzuni.

I-non-specific prophylaxis

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imikhaza ye-ixodid ingathwala amagciwane ahlukahlukene angabangela izifo kubantu.

I-borreliosis ethwala umkhaza (isifo se-Lyme), esibangelwa i-spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, isabalele eRussia Federation. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalesi sifo ibanzi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-Tick-borne encephalitis, okwamanje ihlanganisa izinhlangano ezingama-72 zeRussian Federation, okuhlanganisa indawo yaseMoscow kanye nesifunda saseMoscow. Okwamanje azikho izidakamizwa eziqondile zokuvimbela i-borreliosis ethwala imikhaza.

Uma kubhekwa ingozi engase ibe khona, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha, ukhethe izingubo ezifanele futhi usebenzise imishini yokuzivikela eyengeziwe, njengama-repellents, ama-acaricides nezinye.

Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ezijwayelekile

Uma usendaweni esengozini, kubalulekile ukuthi izingubo zivimbele ukungena kwemikhaza futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zisize ukutholwa kwazo:

- Ikholomu yehembe kufanele ihambisane kahle nomzimba, okungcono ukusebenzisa ijazi eline-hood.
- Ihembe kumele lifakwe ebhulukweni libe nemikhono emide, amacuffs emikhono alingane kahle emzimbeni.
— Amabhulukwe kufanele afakwe ebhuthini noma ezicathulweni, futhi amasokisi kufanele abe nokunwebeka okuqinile.
— Kuyancomeka ukumboza ikhanda nentamo ngesikhafu noma ikepisi.
— Izingubo kufanele zibe nombala okhanyayo, ofanayo.
- Uma uhamba ehlathini, ama-ovaroli ezinhlobo ezahlukene afaneleka kakhulu.
- Ukuzihlola njalo nokuhlolana kuyadingeka ukuze kubonakale imikhaza enamathiselwe. Ngemva kokuhamba ehlathini, kubalulekile ukukhumula izingubo zakho, uzithuntuthe futhi uhlole umzimba wakho.

Akunconywa ukuletha izitshalo ezisanda kuthathwa, izingubo zangaphandle nezinye izinto ezingase zibe nemikhaza ekamelweni. Izinja nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo nazo kufanele zihlolwe. Uma kungenzeka, gwema ukuhlala noma ukulala otshanini. Uma ukhetha indawo yokumisa ikamu noma ukuchitha ubusuku ehlathini, kungcono ukukhetha izindawo ezingenazo utshani obutshani noma ukhethe amahlathi omile kaphayini emhlabathini oyisihlabathi.

Abaxoshayo

Ukuze kuvikelwe imikhaza, kusetshenziswa ama-repellents, okuthiwa ama-repellents, asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izindawo zesikhumba eziveziwe.

Ukukhethwa kwe-repellent efanelekile kunqunywa, okokuqala, ngokubunjwa kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kalula.

Ngokuhambisana nezincomo zomhlaba wonke, okuthandwa kakhulu kunikezwa izixoshi eziqukethe i-diethyltoluamide (DEET) ekuhlanganiseni kuka-30-50%. Imikhiqizo equkethe ngaphezu kuka-50% DEET ayidingeki. Izixoshi ezine-DEET engu-20% zisebenza amahora angu-3, ​​futhi lezo ezinama-30% noma ngaphezulu zisebenza amahora angafinyelela kwangu-6. Izidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-DEET ziphephile kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo, kanye nezingane ezingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, kufanele ufunde ngokucophelela imiyalelo.

Lapho usebenzisa ama-repellents, imithetho eminingana kufanele ilandelwe:

— Umuthi wokuxosha usetshenziswa esikhumbeni esingaphandle kuphela.
- Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa inani elanele lomuthi (inani eliningi alikhulisi izakhiwo zokuzivikela).
— Ungafaki umuthi wokuxosha amanxeba, amanxeba noma isikhumba esilumayo.
— Ngemva kokubuya, kunconywa ukuthi ugeze umuthi wokuxosha esikhumbeni sakho ngesepa namanzi.
— Uma usebenzisa i-aerosol, ungayifafazi ezindaweni ezivalekile noma uyihogele.
- I-aerosol akufanele ifuthwe ebusweni: kufanele ifuthwe ezandleni futhi igcotshwe ngobumnene ebusweni, ukugwema indawo yamehlo nomlomo.
- Uma usebenzisa umuthi wokuxosha izingane, umuntu omdala kufanele aqale afake umuthi ezandleni zabo bese esakaza ngokucophelela enganeni; Gwema izindawo zamehlo nomlomo wengane futhi unciphise inani elifakwe ezindlebeni.
- Akufanele ubeke umuthi wokuxosha ezandleni zengane yakho, njengoba izingane zivame ukuzifaka emlonyeni wazo.
- Kutuswa ukuthi abantu abadala basebenzise umuthi wokuxosha ingane engaphansi kweminyaka engu-10 ngokwabo, kunokuba banikeze le nqubo kumntwana ngokwakhe.
— Izinto ezixosha abantu kufanele zigcinwe lapho izingane zingafinyeleleki khona.

Ama-Acaricides

Ama-Acaricides yizinto ezinomphumela okhubazekile kumakhizane. Le mithi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izingubo. Njengamanje, imikhiqizo equkethe i-alphamethrin ne-permetrin isetshenziswa kabanzi.

I-Disinsection yenziwa ku-foci yemvelo, nangaphandle kwayo, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo ezinambuzane. Lokhu kusebenza ezindaweni lapho kuklaba khona izilwane zasemapulazini, kanye nezindawo ezizungeze izikhungo zokungcebeleka. Imikhaza eqoqiwe ibhujiswa ngokuthela uphalafini noma ngokushiswa.

I-prophylaxis eqondile

Njengesibuyekezo sami sokugcina, kunemithi yokugoma eminingana etholakalayo esebenza ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene ze-viral encephalitis. Eminye yayo ihlanganisa imithi yokugomela i-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza, i-encephalitis yaseJapane neminye. Imithi yokugomela i-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza, efana ne-Encepur ne-TicoVac, itholakale isebenza futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Russia naseYurophu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nemithi yokugoma esebenza kahle kakhulu njengamanje, kungcono ukuxhumana nocwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nezincomo ezivela ezinhlanganweni zezempilo zendawo.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngilunywe umkhaza?

Uma ulunywe umkhaza, kufanele uwususe ngokushesha. Ukuze ususe umkhaza, sebenzisa ama-tweezers noma isikhiphi esikhethekile somkhaza. Lapho ususa, zama ukungawuminyanisi umzimba womkhaza ukuze ugweme ukudlulisela izifo ezingase zibe khona. Ngemuva kokususwa, phatha indawo elunyiwe nge-antiseptic. Naka izimpawu zezifo ezithwalwa umkhaza, njengomkhuhlane, ukuqubuka, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ubuthakathaka bemisipha, nokunye. Uma kuvela izimpawu ezisolisayo, thintana nodokotela.

Izincomo zokususa imikhaza ngokwakho

Kufanele usebenzise ama-tweezers noma iminwe egoqwe yi-gauze ukuze ubambe umkhaza eduze nezingxenye zomlomo wawo ngangokunokwenzeka. Lapho ukhipha, uphendulela i-parasite ezungeze i-axis yayo, kuyadingeka ukuyibamba i-perpendicular ebusweni bokuluma futhi wenze ukunyakaza okukhanyayo. Uma ikhanda lomkhaza liphuma, kufanele lisuswe ngenaliti oyinyumba noma lishiywe lize likhishwe ngokwemvelo. Kubalulekile ukugwema ukukhama umzimba womkhaza ukuze kungangeni okuphakathi enxebeni. Ngemuva kokukhipha umkhaza, kunconywa ukuphatha indawo yokuluma nge-tincture ye-iodine noma utshwala. Akufanele usebenzise amazinyo ukuze ukhiphe umkhaza ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka okungenzeka ngomlomo. Qiniseka ukuthi ugeza izandla zakho kahle ngensipho ngemva kokukhipha umkhaza ukuze uvimbele ukutheleleka okungenzeka ukuthi kungangeni ngama-microcracks esikhumbeni.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza

Ukuze uhlole i-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa iqiniso lokumunca umkhaza futhi usungule indawo ehlala kuyo ye-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza. Udokotela uhlola ngokucophelela isiguli, kuhlanganise nokuhlaziywa okuphelele kwezinzwa, ukuze akhiphe ezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo nezingezona ezithathelwanayo ezihambisana nezimpawu ezifanayo.

Ukuxilongwa kwaselabhorethri kwe-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza kufaka phakathi ukunquma isigaba samasosha omzimba e-IgM ne-IgG egciwaneni le-encephalitis elithwalwa umkhaza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imuphi udokotela okufanele ngimthinte uma ngisola i-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza?

Uma usola ukuthi i-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza, kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wezinzwa noma uchwepheshe wezifo ezithathelwanayo ukuze ubonisane nokwelashwa okwengeziwe.

Ukwelashwa, izinkinga kanye nokuvimbela i-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza

Ukwelashwa kwezinkinga ezibangelwa i-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokucabangela izimpawu nobukhulu besimo sesiguli. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwama-antiviral, ama-antibiotics, nemithi yokunciphisa ukuvuvukala kanye nokukhulula izimpawu. Izindlela zokuvuselela nokunakekela okusekelayo nazo zingase zisetshenziselwe ukubuyisela ukusebenza komzimba.

Ukuvimbela i-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, izingubo zokuzivikela, ama-acaricides, kanye nemigomo. Ukugoma kuthathwa njengokusebenza ngempumelelo ekuvimbeleni lesi sifo kubantu abahlala noma abavakashela izindawo ezihlala njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukugwema ukuthintana nemikhaza, uhlole ngokucophelela umzimba wakho ngemva kokuhamba ehlathini, futhi ulandele izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezichazwe ezincomo zokuvimbela ukulunywa kwemikhaza.