Kungani sidinga imikhaza emvelweni: ayingozi kangakanani "ama-bloodsuckers" awusizo

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Imikhaza iyasabisa futhi iyanyanyeka kubantu abaningi, okungamangazi, ngoba ama-arachnids awazange azibonakalise ngendlela engcono kakhulu. Ama-parasite adalwe ngokwemvelo hhayi nje ukulimaza nokubhubhisa, kodwa futhi ukuze kuzuze kokubili abantu kanye nomhlaba wonke. Kungani imikhaza idingeka emvelweni: ukuze i-parasitize futhi ibe "i-oda", ibhubhise ezolimo futhi isindise, isakaze izifo eziyingozi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ibe ngabagoma.

Okuqukethwe

Obani imikhaza
- Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemikhaza nendlela yabo yokuphila
Inani lemikhaza emvelweni nasempilweni yomuntu
Yiziphi izinhlobo zemikhaza ezibhekwa njengeziwusizo

Obani imikhaza

Imikhaza iyisigaba esingaphansi somndeni wama-arachnid. Iningi labo linobukhulu bomzimba obungabonakali, indawo yokuhlala inotshani obuphansi nezihlahla. Iningi alinangozi kubantu, libangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba kuphela lapho lithintana.

Inani elincane lezinhlobo ezingama-parasites kanye nezifo ezithwala izifo, kuyilapho iningi lingama-saprophage aphilayo kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezidla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, ngaleyo ndlela zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-humus yomhlabathi, enenzuzo emvelweni.

Kukhona ama-saprophages adla ubisi lwezitshalo ezitshaliwe, ayizinambuzane zomnotho, kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye lapho kwenzeka khona i-omovampirism: lapho umuntu olambile ehlasela ummeleli owondlekile wezinhlobo zawo futhi edla igazi. uphuzile.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemikhaza nendlela yabo yokuphila

Emvelweni, kunezigaba ezingaphezu kuka-54 zama-arachnids, ngayinye yazo inezici zayo nendlela yokuphila.

umkhaza we-taiga

Ihlala endaweni yaseRussia, eBelarus, emazweni aseBaltic nasogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeFinland, nakwezinye izingxenye zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lolu hlobo ludla izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengomthetho, azikhuphuki ukuphakama okungaphezu kwemitha elingu-1, futhi zizingela inyamazane otshanini obuphansi. I-Taiga arachnids iyingozi, ithwala igciwane le-encephalitis elithwala umkhaza.

Umkhaza wezinkuni waseYurophu

Ihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eCrimea nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Izingela emahlathini anamacembe abanzi, ezimfeni nasezihlahleni. Iyasebenza ezindaweni ezomile. Idla zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, inolaka kubantu, futhi ithwala amagciwane ezifo ezibulalayo ezinkomeni.

i-meadow mite

Umhlali wamahlathi aluhlaza naseduze eSiberia naseYurophu, uthanda izindawo ezivulekile notshani obuphansi, futhi uyakwazi ukubekezelela izikhukhula. Ihluke ekumelaneni nokubanda, ithwala amaqembu ezifo eziyingozi ezishisayo kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi njenge-encephalitis ephethwe yimikhaza kanye ne-Crimean Congo fever.

Izibungu zeGamasid

Abameleli abancane bezinhlobo ezivamile, usayizi ojwayelekile ngu-4mm. Izilwane ezizingelayo zidla izilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla. Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obuncane, izinhlobo ze-gamasid zingabangela i-dermatitis ne-typhus kubantu.

Izinambuzane ezingenabungozi ezivame kakhulu kubantu yi-Phytoseiidae. Lolu wuhlobo oludla inyama edla ama-saprophages. Usuku lungadla abazalwane abangafika kwabangamashumi amabili. Futhi bangabalawuli bemvelo benombolo ye-saprophages, lolu hlobo lusetshenziselwa ukulwa nabaphula umthetho wezolimo.

Amalungu omndeni wakwaPhytoseiidae.

Inani lemikhaza emvelweni nasempilweni yomuntu

Indima yama-arachnids emvelweni inkulu, ungayibukeli phansi. Phela, balawula inani lama-arthropods, anenzuzo ekulweni nezinambuzane kwezolimo namahlathi. Izinhlobo ze-saprophyte:

iqhaza ezinkambisweni zokubunjwa kwenhlabathi;
inzuzo ekuqalisweni kokuphila emvelweni, ukubamba iqhaza ekuboleni nasekuthobiseni izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane;
ukwandisa i-porosity yomhlabathi;
ukusabalalisa ama-microorganisms anenzuzo kuwo wonke umhlabathi.

Ama-predators azuza ngokudlala indima "yokuhlelekile", ukudla izinambuzane ezinamagciwane kanye nokuhlanza izitshalo zezinhlamvu eziyingozi. Ku-foci yezifo ezingapheli, zingabagomi bemvelo, abasiza ukugcina ibhalansi esimweni somphakathi. Ama-phytoseid asetshenziswayo asetshenziswa ekulweni nezinambuzane ze-spider web.

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Zidlani izimbuzane zasehlathini?

Izibungu zasehlathini ezidla inyama zidla inyamazane yazo - izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinye izilwane zasehlathini ezingabambelela kuzo. Lolu hlobo aluhleleli ukuhlasela futhi alugxumi kulabo abahlukunyezwayo, lunamathela lapho lithinta khona utshani lapho umkhaza uhlezi khona. Njengoba sebezinzile ngokuqinile esilwaneni, bafuna indawo yokudla, ngokuvamile kuba ikhanda noma intamo, ngakho isilwane asikwazi ukubhubhisa i-parasite ngokwaso.

Ama-saprophage asehlathini adla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo kanye nesikhunta senhlabathi, okuzuzisa imvelo.

izitha zemvelo

Amakhizane abamba isixhumanisi esingezansi sochungechunge lokudla, ngakho baningi abafuna ukuwadla. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-parasite ayakuthanda ukudla igazi lezinyoni, wona ngokwawo ngokuvamile abe yizisulu. Izinyoni, ukudla kwe-parasite:

i-thrush;
inkukhu;
izigwaca;
i-black grouse;

izinyoni zeguinea;
umeluki womkhaza;
inkanyezi;
impisi peck.

Okusebenza kakhulu ekubhujisweni kwama-arachnids ayingozi yindlunkulu. Kunombono wokuthi izinyoni zidla izibungu ezondlekile, njengoba zikhangwa iphunga legazi, ngenxa yokuthi abantu abalambile banethuba elingcono lokusinda.

Izitha zama-parasites phakathi kwezinambuzane:

izicabucabu ezinkulu;
ujekamanzi;

ibhungane lomhlabathi;
izimbungulu zombhede.

Ezinambuzaneni, umcimi oyinhloko wama-arachnids intuthwane. Lapho sibona isitha, izintuthwane zinikeza izihlobo zazo uphawu futhi zisihlasele ngebutho. Izintuthwane zokhuni olubomvu zijova ushevu kumenzi wemingcele bese ziwuyisa entuthwaneni, zidle isisulu ngokwazo noma ziphakele amawundlu. Ngenxa yalokhu, imikhaza inokwesaba nokwenqaba iphunga le-formic acid ezingeni lofuzo.

Izitha phakathi kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini:

amaxoxo namaxoxo;
izibankwa;

salamanders;
unwabu.

Imikhaza iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla. Uma abantu bebhubhisa inani labantu, khona-ke izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni nama-amphibians zizonyamalala ngemva kwemikhaza, kubangele umphumela we-domino ozodala umonakalo ongenakulungiseka emvelweni.

Izitha zemvelo zemikhaza.

Izinzuzo imikhaza

Ukuzihlanganisa okubi kwabantu abanezinambuzane akuphikisani neqiniso lokuthi ama-arachnids anenzuzo emvelweni. Ku-ecosystem, ama-parasite ayisixhumanisi kulo lonke uchungechunge lokudla. Izinzuzo zemikhaza azinakuphikwa futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo.

Ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi

Ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nokwakheka kwenhlabathi, bahlala bekhuluma ngezikelemu futhi bavame ukukhohlwa ukusho igobolondo nezibungu zomhlaba. Iminyundu ilinganiselwe kububanzi, kodwa ama-arthropod awanjalo. Umuntu uhamba emhlabeni futhi akaqapheli ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-microscopic ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabo, ngoba zikhona yonke indawo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko "yezinambuzane" yinqubo yokuguqulwa kwamaminerali emhlabathini, ukuxuba inhlabathi, ukucubungula izinsalela eziphilayo. Izilwanyana ezincane ezihlala engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi zigaya izinto eziphilayo ezifile, zenze umquba ovundile. Inombolo ye-arthropods yenhlabathi nge-1 m2 abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-50-250.

Ukubhujiswa kwezihlobo zabo - ama-arthropods wesicabucabu

Izitshalo ziphathwa "ngezivikelo" zokwenziwa ukuze zilawule izimuncagazi zesicabucabu, kodwa ukwelashwa okuphindaphindiwe kubangela izinhlanga ezimelana nezinambuzane. Ama-synthetic poisons athole enye indlela - ama-arthropods azingela "izihlobo". Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikwazi ukucekela phansi izibungu kanye nama-spider parasites, abameleli bomndeni odla inyama i-Phytoseiidae babhekwa njengabasebenza kakhulu; abalimi bakhulisa lolu hlobo ngokukhethekile futhi balufake ezivakashini ezingafunwa.

Ukuhlanza izitshalo ezinhlamvu

Ama-Arachnids saprophages adla ezinhlamvu zesikhunta esiyi-parasitic, enza i-symbiosis nesitshalo. Isibonelo esivamile: i-tinder fungus ihlasela isihlahla, i-arthropod, nayo, idla ama-fungal spores, ivimbela ukuthi umuthi ungabhubhi. Naphezu kwezici ze-parasitic, izinambuzane ezinemilenze eyisishiyagalombili ziletha izinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa ezitshalweni ngokudla isikhunta esiyisinambuzane.

Ukukhiqizwa kukashizi

EJalimane naseFrance, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zoshizi zidalwe ngosizo lwamakhizane isikhathi eside. Ushizi, ocutshungulwa ngokwemvelo, uthola ukunambitheka kwe-piquant, iphunga kanye nokwethulwa. Le nzuzo ibonwe ngenhlanhla futhi yathandwa ama-gourmets. Ama-arachnids, asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ushizi ekudluleni, ayingxenye yezinhlobo zikafulawa.

Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu emithi

Iglue eqeda ubuhlungu ematheni omkhaza idlala indima enkulu kwezokwelapha. Izinamathiselo zezokwelapha zinobuthi noma aziwufezi ngokugcwele umsebenzi wazo, kodwa izinamathiselo eziqukethwe ematheni ama-arachnids zingokwemvelo, okungukuthi, azibangeli monakalo futhi azibangeli ukungezwani komzimba, nazo zinamathela ndawonye ngekhwalithi ephezulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa

Inzuzo eyinhloko ye-saprophages ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni awusizo ekuthuthukiseni izidakamizwa zezifo eziyingozi kubantu, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezoba usizo ekwelapheni ngisho nabantu abane-HIV.

Ukulimaza abantu

Imikhaza izenzele njengezinambuzane eziyingozi, naphezu kwezinzuzo emvelweni.

Kukhona abameleli abaningi abalunywayo abaholeli nje kuphela kumkhuhlane nokungakhululeki kwesikhashana, kodwa ekufeni.

Ama-saprophages angama-Parasitic, njengama-parasites kafulawa, abhubhisa okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu, alimaza ezolimo. Ama-arachnid ezindlebeni adla imfuyo nezilwane ezifuywayo, okubangela ubuhlungu nokusabalalisa amagciwane ayingozi nezifo.

Sabalalisa izifo eziyingozi

Imikhaza ithwala amagciwane ezifo eziyingozi, ezivame kakhulu yilezi: Isifo seLyme kanye ne-encephalitis ethwala imikhaza. Amaphesenti angu-8 kuphela amakhizane athwala lezi zifo, kodwa u-8% wenqwaba yabantu abaningi bangamaphesenti amakhulu. Ezinye izifo ezingajwayelekile kakhulu nazo ziyingozi kubantu: i-erylichiosis, i-typhus ethwala imikhaza, i-dermatitis, i-tularemia kanye nomkhuhlane onamabala.

Ukudla izitshalo

Okusanhlamvu nama-saprophage anemilenze ebomvu kuklebhula i-epidermis yezitshalo futhi adla ujusi oqukethe i-chlorophyll. Umonakalo omkhulu uholela ekufeni kwesitshalo, kuthi labo abasindayo bangenwe izifo zokukhunta kanye negciwane. Ama-parasites alimaza imisebenzi yezolimo ngokuthelela amagciwane futhi acekele phansi izitshalo. Ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kufinyelela ku-70%, futhi ukulimala kwezitshalo kufika ku-100%. Izinga lokuphahlazeka kwezibungu zokusanhlamvu lincike esikhathini sokuvela kwama-saprophages - ukolweni usengozini yokubhujiswa nokutheleleka ngamagciwane ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula.

Idala i-allergies futhi ilimaze umzimba

Ama-arachnids angaphansi kwesikhumba kanye nama-scabious abangela i-dermatitis kanye nokungezwani okukhulu komzimba. Izinsikazi kuphela ezibekela amaqanda ngaphansi kwesikhumba eziyingozi emzimbeni. Ukulunywa kwensikazi kuhlala inyanga yonke futhi kuzalela amaqanda angama-90 empilweni yakhe. Ukunqotshwa komzimba kufinyelela ezilinganisweni ezingathi sína, ingasaphathwa eyokuphatheka kabi okungabekezeleleki.

Izimuncagazi ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni nakubantu

Kunezifo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezilwane ezifuywayo eziyingozi, izilwane zasemapulazini, izitshalo kanye nabantu, ekusatshalalisweni kwayo imindeni eyi-100 yemikhaza ehilelekile. Ngokwendawo yendawo emzimbeni wezilwane nabantu, ama-arachnids ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana: i-dermal, subcutaneous, feather, band. Ngokusho kwe-parasitism - unomphela, okwesikhashana futhi okungahleliwe. I-parasitizing ezitshalweni, izilwane kanye nabantu ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukulimala okungenakulungiseka ezintweni eziphilayo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zemikhaza ezibhekwa njengeziwusizo

Ama-arachnids ayizilokazane eziningi, kodwa futhi aletha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Amakhizane awawona “amahle” noma “amabi”, ayingxenye yemvelo edlula umonakalo obangela imvelo ngezinzuzo.

Imiphi imikhaza ewusizo:

izinhlobo zezimpaphe ngokuvamile azidli ngegazi, kodwa isikhunta namagciwane ayingozi ezinyonini, akha i-symbiosis nokuba “abahlelekile” abahlanza izimpaphe zezinyoni;
I-Tyroglyphus longior, ewusizo ekwenzeni ushizi udayiswe;
I-Phytoseiidae - uhlobo lwe-gamasid lunenzuzo ngokubhubhisa izinambuzane zezitshalo ezitshalweni.

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