I-Meadow tick: iyini ingozi yalo mzingeli othule, elinde inyamazane yakhe otshanini
I-Dermacentor marginatus iyisimbuzane se-meadow. Lesi silokazane sisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke futhi sithathwa njengesinye esiyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni nakubantu. Yilawa ma-bloodsuckers athwala izifo eziyingozi kakhulu ezithwala imikhaza: i-encephalitis, i-babesiosis, i-tyalyaerma.
Okuqukethwe
Uyini umkhaza wamadlelo
Uhlobo lwe-Dermacentor reticulatus lungowomndeni wemikhaza ye-ixodid. E-Russia, ithatha indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo mayelana nemvamisa yokudluliselwa kwezifo eziyingozi ezilwaneni nakubantu.
Внешний вид
Ukubonakala komkhaza we-meadow kuvamile kubo bonke abameleli be-ixodid:
- usayizi womzimba we-parasite elambile ngu-4-5 mm; ngemva kokuphuza igazi, ikhula ngosayizi ngo-1 cm;
- umzimba u-oval, flat, uqukethe ikhanda (ama-gnatosomes) nomzimba (ama-idiosomes), kwabesilisa isiphetho sangaphambili sibukhali kunabesifazane;
- umbala onsundu, kunephethini elimhlophe elibonakalayo ngemuva;
- umzimba wesifazane unwebeka kakhulu futhi umbozwe ngesihlangu se-chitinous kuphela ingxenye yesithathu;
- umuntu omdala unamapheya angu-4 emilenze, ama-nymphs nezibungu zinezi-3, izidladla zinsundu ezinemigqa emhlophe ephambanayo;
- ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi zemikhaza, imikhaza ye-meadow inamehlo, nakuba ingathuthukisiwe kakhulu.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi
Isimiso sezinzwa zesilokazane sidala futhi siqukethe ithubhu lemizwa kuphela, elihamba ngaphansi kwesihlangu esingenhla ukusuka ekhanda ukuya endunu yomkhaza. Iziphetho zemizwa engu-22 zisuka epayipini, elilawula ukusebenza kwezitho, i-proboscis nezitho zangaphakathi.
Umsebenzi wokuphefumula wenziwa ngosizo lwe-trachea, amaphaphu awekho. Izimbobo zoqhoqhoqho zivuleka endaweni eseduze nemilenze yangemuva.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lubuye lube nesakhiwo esilula. Ukuvuleka komlomo nezindlala zamathe kuholela epharynx, esebenza njengepompo ngesikhathi sokudla. Ipharynx ivula umminzo, odlula ku-rectum. Izinqubo eziyi-12 eziyimpumputhe ziphuma emathunjini, agcwala igazi ngesikhathi sokumuncwa ukudla. Amathumbu aholela esinyeni se-rectal, esiphelela ekuvulekeni kwe-rectal.
Umjikelezo wokuphila nokukhiqiza kabusha
Ukukhula komkhaza kwenzeka phakathi nonyaka, umjikelezo wempilo uqukethe lezi zigaba ezilandelayo:
Isigaba se-embryological sokukhula sithatha amasonto angu-2-7. Amaqanda e-Meadow mite anombala ophuzi noma ansundu ngombala, 0,5-1 mm ububanzi. I-masonry ibukeka njengenqwaba.
Umbala wezibungu ezilambile uphuzi noma u-brownish, uma udla, isibungu siba bomvu okuholela. Ihluke kubantu abadala ngenani lezidladla (6, hhayi 8), ukungabi khona kokuvuleka kwesitho sangasese kanye nezinsimu ze-pore. Isihlangu se-chitinous sivala kuphela ingaphambili lomzimba. Izibungu zichanyuselwa ngoJuni futhi zisabalale kuze kube ngu-August. Izisulu zabo yizilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ezincane. Badla izinsuku ezingu-3-5, bafinyelele ukwanda kwesisindo somzimba izikhathi ezingu-10-20.
Kulesi sigaba sokukhula, imilenze yesine ikhula emikhaza futhi kuvela ukuthuthumela. Ukuvuleka kwesitho sangasese akukho. I-Nymphs ivela ngoJulayi futhi i-parasitize kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-August. Bahlasela izilwane ezinkulu: izinja, amakati, izimvu, izimbuzi, njll. Zidla izinsuku ezingama-3-8, zikhulisa isisindo somzimba izikhathi eziyi-10-200.
Umuntu omdala uphila iminyaka emi-2. Ukuzingela phakathi nenkathi efudumele - kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba. Amadethi angahluka kuye ngezimo zezulu. Izilwane ezinkulu ezinegazi elifudumele, abantu, bakhethwa njengezisulu.
Abantu ngabanye bahlukaniswe ngokusobala abesilisa nabesifazane. Banezinga eliphezulu lokuzala. Izibungu ezondliwe kahle ziyazalana kuphela. Eyeduna, ngemva kokuphuza igazi, ivundisa insikazi futhi ife. Insikazi ngemva kokuncelisa ishiya umzimba womninikhaya futhi izalele amaqanda. Insikazi eyodwa ingabekela amaqanda angaba ngu-500.
Izinhlobo ezihlobene ne-morphologically
Ngokubukeka, i-meadow mite ifana kakhulu ne-Dermacentor daghestanicus. Ihluke ngokuthi kwabesifazane, i-scutellum icishe imbozwe ngokuphelele ngephethini emhlophe, amabala amancane wesizinda esimnyama akhona kuphela esifundeni semifantu yomlomo wesibeletho.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo
Umkhaza we-meadow uhlala emahlathini aluhlaza naxubile aseSiberia naseYurophu, ukugxila okukhulu kwezimuncagazi kutholakala emadlelweni nasezimfeni, ezindaweni ezihamba ngezinkomo eziningi, kuyilapho izinambuzane zikwazi ukumelana nezikhukhula nezikhukhula. Isakazwa emathafeni ase-Ukraine, eCrimea, eCaucasus, eKazakhstan (ngaphandle kwengxenye eseningizimu), ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi, eningizimu nasempumalanga yeSiberia.
Izikhathi zomsebenzi womkhaza wasedlelo
Izinambuzane zimelana kakhulu nokubanda futhi zivuka ebusika ngokubonakala kweziqephu zokuqala ezincibilikisiwe. Inani eliphakeme lokuqala lomsebenzi wabo ngenkathi liwela ngo-Ephreli-Meyi: phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ama-bloodsuckers anolaka kakhulu ngenxa yendlala futhi ahlasele izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu neziphakathi.
Maphakathi nehlobo, umsebenzi wemikhaza uyancipha - lesi sikhathi siqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Agasti.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo/ekuqaleni kwekwindla, okunye ukushuba komsebenzi kuqala; bawumisa ngokuphelele umsebenzi wabo obalulekile kuphela ngokukhithika. Abantu abadala kuphela abakwazi ukusinda ebusika, izibungu kanye nama-nymphs angenaso isikhathi sokufa kwe-molt.
Izitha zemvelo ze-meadow mites
Imvelo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi inani lemikhaza alinyuki unomphela. Ama-bloodsuckers asekupheleni kochungechunge lokudla futhi ayisixhumanisi esibalulekile kuwo. Imikhaza inezitha zemvelo ezanele, iyadliwa:
- izinyoni (ikakhulukazi ondlunkulu, amathrushes, izinkanyezi, abeluki abadla imikhaza, abahudula);
- ezinye izinambuzane (izicabucabu, amabhungane, izintuthwane, abagibeli, ojekamanzi, iminyovu);
- izilwane ezihuquzelayo (izibankwa, amaxoxo namaxoxo).
Izitha ezimbi kakhulu zemikhaza yizinhlamvu zefungal ezibangela izifo ze-arthropods.
Kungani i-parasite iyingozi?
Amathe omkhaza angase abe namagciwane namagciwane abangela izifo eziyingozi kubantu:
- I-encephalitis ephethwe umkhaza. Kubhekwa njengesifo esiyingozi kunazo zonke ezithwala imikhaza. Lesi sifo sithinta isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi somuntu, iningi labantu abanalesi sifo liyakhubazeka. Njengomphumela wokutheleleka nge-encephalitis, ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemizwa nengqondo kwenzeka: ukukhubazeka, i-paresis, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kanye nemisebenzi ephakeme yengqondo.
- I-Tularemia. Izimpawu zesifo ziphawulwa ukwanda kwama-lymph nodes, ukushisa okukhulu kanye nekhanda elibuhlungu, ukuphazamiseka kokulala. I-Tularemia ingaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu ezifana nesifo samathambo, i-meningitis, i-encephalitis, inyumoniya, nokushaqeka okunobuthi. Lesi sifo selashwa ngama-antibiotics endaweni yesibhedlela.
- I-Omsk hemorrhagic fever. Izibonakalisa ngesimo sokuqubuka kwe-hemorrhagic esikhumbeni, ukwanda okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa, imisipha kanye nekhanda.
- I-Piroplasmosis (i-babesiosis). Izilwane ezifuywayo zingenwa yilesi sifo, kodwa abantu nabo bangangenwa igciwane uma ukuzivikela kwabo kwehle kakhulu. Izilwane ezitheleleke nge-piroplasmosis zivame ukufa, ikakhulukazi uma ukwelapha kungazange kuqalwe ngesikhathi. Izimpawu ze-babesiosis: imfiva, ukuguquguquka kolwelwesi lwamafinyila nomchamo, ukuphazamiseka komgudu wamathumbu.
Izinyathelo zokulawula izinambuzane
Izinyathelo zokulwa ne-dermacentor marginatus ziyefana nezinye i-ixodid.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela
Ukuze ugweme ukuhlaselwa kwe-bloodsucker eyingozi, kunconywa ukwenza lezi zinyathelo zokuvimbela ezilandelayo:
- ukwenza imigomo yokuvimbela abantu nezilwane ezifuywayo;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo zokuzivikela zokuhamba ezindaweni zokuhlala ze-parasite, ukuvimbela izindawo ezivulekile zomzimba;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye namalungiselelo okubulala izinambuzane;
- ukuhlolwa okuvamile ngesikhathi sokuhamba komzimba nezingubo zokubukeka kwemikhaza kuzo;
- ukususa insimu ngokhuni olufile, isitshalo kanye nezinye izibi, ukuvimbela ukuchithwa kwendawo.
Imisebenzi yokulwa
Izinyathelo zokuqothula ezakhiweni, ezindlini nasematendeni zenziwa ngosizo lwamakhemikhali akhethekile e-insecticidal kanye ne-acaricidal ngendlela yothuli nama-aerosols.
Ukucubungula kungenziwa ngokuzimela noma ngokubandakanyeka kwezinsizakalo ezikhethekile.
Ukubhubhisa ama-parasite ezilwaneni zasemapulazini, ukwelashwa kwe-acaricidal kwenziwa ngezidakamizwa ezigunyazwe isevisi yezilwane.
Ukuvikelwa ekulunyweni yi-parasite eyingozi
Nansi eminye imininingwane yokuthi ungazivikela kanjani ekulunyweni komkhaza wase-meadow:
- Ngokuhamba ezindaweni ezingaba yingozi, kufanele ukhethe izingubo ezinemibala ekhanyayo - kulula ukubona i-parasite kuyo. Ijakhethi, ijezi kufanele kufakwe ebhulukweni, namabhulukwe - amasokisi namabhuzu. Qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa isigqoko (okungcono isikhafu) kanye nesigqoko. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umkhaza ukhasa ukusuka phansi ukuya phezulu.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa i-repellent kanye ne-insecticidal, amalungiselelo e-acaricidal. Owokuqala wesabisa ama-bloodsuckers ngephunga, wona awabhubhise ngokuwakhubaza. Kubantu, izidakamizwa zitholakala ngendlela yezifutho, ama-aerosols, amafutha. Ezilwaneni - ngendlela yamakholomu, amaconsi phezu kokubuna kanye nezifutho.
- Ngesikhathi sokuhamba nangemva kokubuyela ekhaya, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela umzimba. Imikhaza ikhetha ukuluma izindawo ezinesikhumba esithambile nesincane kakhulu: indawo engemuva kwezindlebe, emadlebeni, entanyeni, esiswini, ngaphansi kwedolo, izindololwane.