Ukulawulwa kwe-Varroa mite: izindlela zendabuko nezivivinyo zokucubungula izidleke nokwelapha izinyosi
I-Varroatosis yisifo esiyingozi sezinyosi, ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwezinkathi ezimbili noma ezintathu, kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwe-swarm. Ibizwa nge-Varroa destructor mite. I-parasite ibangela ukuqina kwezinyosi, ukulahleka kwamaphiko, neminye imiphumela eminingi engemihle, okuhlanganisa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane, ekugcineni ibulale ikoloni lonke. I-Varroosis ayiyona into entsha ngoba abafuyi bezinyosi bebelokhu belwa nayo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngokwelashwa kwezinyosi ezivela ku-varroatosis.
Okuqukethwe
- I-Varroatosis yezinyosi: izici ezijwayelekile zesifo
- Izindlela zokuxilonga i-varroatosis
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, lapho izinyanga okufanele zisetshenziswe umuthi ekulweni nezibungu zezinyosi
- I-Formanins: i-bipin, i-anitraz, i-tactin
- I-Varroatosis yezinyosi: ukwelashwa ngamakhambi esintu
- Izindlela ezingokomzimba
- Izindlela ze-Zootechnical zokulwa ne-varroatosis
- Imiphumela yezinyosi
- Ukuvimbela imikhaza ezinyosini
I-Varroatosis yezinyosi: izici ezijwayelekile zesifo
Kuthinta kokubili izinyosi ezindala nezibungu. Esikhathini sokuqala sesifo, azikho izimpawu, ngakho abafuyi bezinyosi abasoli lutho.
Izinyosi ezitheleleke nge-mite hibernate kabi, zivuke kusenesikhathi futhi ziziphathe ngokungahlaliseki, zingakhi uswebezane. Bathambekele ekudleni ngokweqile futhi ngokumelene nalesi sizinda bangase baphathwe isifo sohudo.
Ukubukeka komkhaza: isithombe
Izindlela nezindlela zokuthelela izinyosi ngomkhaza
Ukusabalala kwe-varroatosis phakathi kwama-apiaries kwenziwa:
- ukuphanga kwezinyosi ezivela emakoloni aqinile futhi anempilo, ukuhlaselwa kwamakoloni abuthakathaka nagulayo;
- izinyosi zindiza phakathi kwezidleke;
- ama-drones afudukayo endizela kwezinye izidleke;
- uswebezane oluhambayo olunegciwane;
- ukuhwebelana ngezinyosi zezindlovukazi;
- othintana nezindlovukazi kanye nama-drones ngesikhathi sezindiza zokukhwelana;
- umfuyi wezinyosi lapho esebenza endaweni yezinyosi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokudlulisela amakhekheba anezingane ezinegciwane emakoloni anempilo;
- izinambuzane zezinyosi nezidleke zezinyosi, njengeminyovu, evame ukuphuca uju ezidlekeni.
Siqala kanjani isifo?
Enyosi ethelelekile, okulandelayo kuyabonwa:
- ukwehla kwesisindo ngo-5-25%;
- ukunciphisa ukuphila ngo-4-68%;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyosi nakho kuyaphazamiseka.
Imiphumela evamile yokondla i-Varroa destructor ku-brood:
- ukufinyeza kwesisu;
- ukungathuthuki kahle kwamaphiko;
- ukufa kwezingane.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu ku-brood kubangela ukwephulwa kwe-metamorphosis, i-anomalies ebalulekile yentuthuko itholakala ezinyosini ezithelelekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinyosi ezinempilo ziziphonsa ngaphandle kwesidleke ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.
Indlela lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngayo izimpawu isithombe somtholampilo
Imihlambi yezinyosi ezithelelekile iba "yivila", futhi umsebenzi womndeni awusebenzi kahle.
Ukukhubazeka okuncane kuwenza buthaka kakhulu umndeni futhi kunciphisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wawo.
Lokhu kuntuleka kwezimpawu kuvame ukujabulisa abafuyi bezinyosi abangaqali ukwelashwa komndeni. Isibalo sama-parasite sibe sesikhula ngokukhululeka. Umbhubhisi wesifazane we-Varroa kanye nenzalo yakhe balimaza i-brood. Nakuba kunezingane eziningi emndenini, izimpawu ze-varroatosis azibonakali. Esikhathini esizayo, umndeni uba buthaka, ngokuvamile uphela ngokushabalala komndeni noma izinyosi zishiya isidleke.
Izindlela zokuxilonga i-varroatosis
Ukuhlolwa kwendawo yezinyosi ukuze kubonwe ukuba khona kombhubhisi we-Varroa entwasahlobo futhi ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuvuna kuhlanganisa:
- ukuhlola ama-brood, ikakhulukazi ama-drone brood;
- phakathi nenkathi, ukubukela amaphuphu ekhishwa esidlekeni nokufa kwezinyosi;
- phakathi nokugeleza koju, bahlola isibeletho nezinyosi emakhekhebeni;
- ivula ngokungahleliwe amaseli ayishumi nambili / ambalwa nge-drone brood.
Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kuphela kwe-varroatosis ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimpawu zomtholampilo kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuhlasela kwe-parasitic. Uma usola ukuthuthukiswa kwe-varroatosis, amasampula ekwindla ahlangene kufanele aqoqwe emigodini eminingana futhi athunyelwe ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphambi kwendiza yokuqala noma ngokushesha ngemva kwendiza, ukuze izinyosi zingabi nesikhathi sokuhlanza phansi ngokwazo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, lapho izinyanga okufanele zisetshenziswe umuthi ekulweni nezibungu zezinyosi
Ukulwa ne-parasite, kokubili izindlela zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji zisetshenziswa. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu itholakala uma zombili izindlela zisetshenziswa kanyekanye.
Isibonelo, ukususa ama-drone brood phakathi nesizini kunganciphisa inani lezinambuzane esidlekeni ngaphezu kwama-60%. Phakathi nenkathi, ukusetshenziswa kwama-asidi e-organic, njenge-formic acid, kuyamukeleka, kodwa kunemibono eyengeziwe yokuthi inomphumela omubi ezinto eziphilayo zezinyosi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo okwenziwa kuvunyelwe kuphela ngesikhathi sokungancibiliki, ukuze ama-compounds asebenzayo avela kubo angangeni uju oludliwe.
I-Formanins: i-bipin, i-anitraz, i-tactin
Izidakamizwa ezifanayo ezisebenzayo ngokumelene ne-varroatosis, kodwa ifomu lokukhululwa lihlukile:
- I-Bipin - into esebenzayo i-amitraz, itholakala kuma-ampoules. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, ihlanjululwe ilitha ngalinye lamanzi - 0,5 ml wento. Ukucutshungulwa kwenziwa ngemuva kokuba uju luphonswe ngaphandle nangaphambi kobusika bezinyosi.
- I-Anitraz - itholakala ngendlela yesifutho, ngemuva kokwelashwa, umphumela uphikelela izinyanga ezi-2.
- I-Tactin iyisithako esisebenzayo se-amitraz. Ukucutshungulwa kwezidleke nakho kwenziwa ekwindla.
I-Varroatosis yezinyosi: ukwelashwa ngamakhambi esintu
Ukwelapha i-varroatosis yezinyosi, amakhambi esintu asetshenziswa ngempumelelo. Abafuyi bezinyosi abaningi babanikeza okuthandayo ngenxa yokuphepha kanye nokungabikho kwemingcele yesikhathi ngesikhathi somcimbi.
| Izidakamizwa | Isicelo |
|---|---|
| I-acid eluhlaza | I-bee organism ngokwayo ikhiqiza le asidi ekugxilweni okuncane, ngakho-ke ibekezelelwa kahle izinambuzane. Emikhazani iyalimaza. Isimo sezulu esifudumele siyadingeka ukuze kucutshungulwe, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya okungenani lingama-25 ℃. Cishe i-100% ye-asidi isetshenziswa. I-Oxalic acid ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili: Gcoba amapuleti enziwe ngekhadibhodi noma ngokhuni nge-asidi, bese uwagoqa nge-cellophane, lapho kwenziwa khona izimbobo. Hlela endaweni esidlekeni kumafreyimu. Faka ama-wicks ezitsheni zengilazi ezincane bese uthela ama-acids. I-asidi kufanele ihwamuke futhi ibulale izimbungulu. Izintambo zilengiswa esidlekeni eceleni kwamafreyimu. |
| I-Oxalic acid | I-Oxalic acid ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili: Amanzi abilisiwe, apholile aze afike ku-30 ℃, ahlanjululwe ngesisombululo se-asidi esingu-2%, athululelwe ebhodleleni lesifutho futhi afafazwe kuhlaka ngalunye. Ukucubungula kwenziwa izikhathi ezi-4 ngesizini ngayinye ekushiseni komoya okungaphezu kuka-15 ℃. Benza izibhamu zentuthu, basebenzisa u-2g we-asidi kumafreyimu angu-12. Ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izimbuzane zingakasakazeki, kodwa izinga lokushisa lomoya kufanele okungenani libe ngu-10 ℃. |
| I-lactic acid | I-lactic acid, ekhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa kukashukela, ingenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokulwa ne-varroa mite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivuselela ukungatheleleki kwezinyosi, inomthelela ekwenzeni ngcono imizimba yazo. Ukuze ulungise isisombululo se-lactic acid esingu-10%, kusetshenziswa amanzi abilisiwe apholile aze afike ku-30. Isixazululo sithelwa emshinini wokufafaza futhi ifreyimu ngayinye esidlekeni ifafazwe nge-engeli engu-45 degrees ukusuka ebangeni lika-30-40 cm izinsuku ezingu-2. . Futhi ekwindla, ngoSepthemba, ngemuva kokuqoqa uju. |
| Isiraphu kashukela | Lungiselela isiraphu kashukela: 1 ingxenye yamanzi kanye nengxenye engu-1 kashukela. Engeza i-1 ml ye-lemon essence engilazini eyodwa yesiraphu. Thela isixazululo ebhodleleni lesifutho bese usifafaza kumafreyimu. Ukucubungula kwenziwa izikhathi ezi-4 ngesikhawu seviki elilodwa. |
| I-Capsicum | Gaya pepper, uthele amanzi abilayo, cwenga amanzi ngemva kosuku bese wengeza isiraphu ushukela. Ilitha ngalinye lesiraphu yi-120 g ye-tincture kapelepele. Abanye bangeza ama-20 g we-propolis kulesi sixazululo. Lesi sixazululo sifuthwa ngezinyosi izikhathi ezintathu ngesizini ngesikhawu seviki. |
| Ukusetshenziswa kukaphayini ufulawa | Umkhaza awulibekezeleli iphunga lezinaliti futhi ushiya isidleke phakathi nosuku.Impuphu ye-Coniferous ayinawo umthelela ezinyosini kanye nekhwalithi yoju lwazo. Athathe ufulawa omncane awuthele esikhwameni se-gauze awubeke esidlekeni. Ngolunye uhlobo, ama-50 g kafulawa we-coniferous anele. |
| I-Thyme | Isitshalo esisha kufanele sigaywe futhi sibekwe esikhwameni se-gauze, sibekwe ohlakeni, simbozwe nge-polyethylene ukuze singashi. Njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3 izinto zokusetshenziswa zidinga ukushintshwa. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa isizini yonke, kodwa emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-27 ℃ ayisebenzi. |
| Amafutha abalulekile e-lavender notshwala 96 | Kuyadingeka ukuthatha utshwala bezokwelapha, engeza amaconsi ambalwa kawoyela we-lavender kuwo. Le ngxube ithululelwa ku-evaporator futhi ifakwe esidlekeni ohlakeni. Ungayigcina amaviki ama-3, wengeze uketshezi ku-evaporator ngezikhathi ezithile. |
Izindlela ezingokomzimba
Ungalwa nomkhaza ngezindlela ezingokwenyama, kodwa aziwathinti ama-parasites ahlasele ama-brood. Kodwa kuma-parasites anamathele ezinyosini ezindala, ayasebenza kakhulu.
Izindlela ze-Zootechnical zokulwa ne-varroatosis
Izibungu eziningi zitholakala kuma-drone cell. Ikakhulukazi kubo, abafuyi bezinyosi babeka ifreyimu enomugqa wesisekelo ophansi ngobude ukusuka kokunye. Izinyosi ziqala ukwakha amakhekhe futhi indlovukazi iyawahlwanyela. Lapho lezi zinyosi zivaliwe, zingasuswa. Uma uyibeka emanzini abilayo, khona-ke izibungu zizofa, futhi zingasetshenziswa njengokugqoka okuphezulu kwezinyosi. Uhlaka lungasetshenziswa futhi uma luhlanzwa ngoviniga.
Njengoba izifo ezithwalwa umkhaza ezinyosini ziyinkinga evamile, abakhiqizi baqala ukunikeza ama-hives nge-anti-varroatic phansi. I-mesh yensimbi ifakwe kuyo, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-pallet, ekhishwa futhi ihlanzwe. Iphansi limbozwe ngephepha elifakwe amafutha. Umkhaza uyabhidlika futhi unamathele kuwo. Khona-ke udinga nje ukususa ithreyi, susa futhi ushise iphepha ngomkhaza.
Ama-Pseudoscorpions ama-arachnid amancane akhula aze afike ku-5 mm ubude. Kungaba isikhali esihle kakhulu sebhayoloji ngokumelene nezibungu ezinyosini, kanye nokubhubhisa ezinye izilokazane ezincane. Uma ama-scorpions amanga ehlala esidlekeni, abenzi umonakalo ezinyosini, futhi enze ngisho nabangane.
Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje inani lama-scorpions amanga atholakala esidlekeni akwanele ukubhubhisa ikoloni yemikhaza. Kudingeka ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuzalanisa abofezela bamanga ngaphandle kwezidleke ukuze kwandiswe inani labo ngokwanele ukuze bangene esidlekeni. Kulokhu, awukwazi ukusebenzisa noma yimaphi amakhemikhali ukubhubhisa i-varroatosis.
Imiphumela yezinyosi
Uma ungelapheki i-Varroatosis noma ungaqapheli lesi sifo ngesikhathi, izinyosi zizofa. Ngeke kwenzeke ukusindisa hhayi kuphela uswebezane olulodwa, kodwa yonke indawo yezinyosi.
Udinga ukuqala ukulwa nomkhaza kusukela ngesikhathi unquma ukuthola izinyosi.
Ukuvimbela imikhaza ezinyosini
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zinganciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuhlaselwa kwemikhaza.
Uma unquma ukuqala izinyosi, zama ukuthatha indawo yezinyosi endaweni lapho izitshalo umkhaza ongathandi zimila khona:
- i-celandine;
- i-thyme;
- ibhulashi;
- i-tansy;
- iminti;
- i-lavender.
Izidleke kufanele zikhanyiswe kahle yilanga. Ibanga ukusuka phansi kwesidleke kuya emhlabathini kufanele okungenani libe ngu-0 cm. Futhi futhi i-anti-varroatic phansi kufanele ihlelwe kuyo, okuyi-mesh ekhethekile lapho udoti uthola khona. Ngezikhathi ezithile, uquqaba lwezinyosi ludinga ukondliwa ukuze lwandise ukumelana kwezinambuzane kunoma yiziphi izifo.
Ngaphambilini